Thursday, October 31, 2019

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime - Essay Example This is to to judge whether participation in property-related acquisitive crimes (in particular, shoplifting) can or can not be linked to HHC and other drug based use. These studies have pertained to the subjective and objective justifications or rationalisations behind the participation of the subjects in property-related acquisitive crimes. There is also then an attempt by these researchers to establish the nature and extent of this link. The paper concludes by assessing the views on both sides of the debate and suggesting a way forward. Illicit drug use and substance abuse has become a dominant political and security concern over the past few decades. Academics and criminologists have not only identified the problem as being based around crime, dependency and ill-health but have studied the historical and pathological trends in the "problem" and the roles of the medical and legal responses and policy frameworks in this regard. ( Barton, A. 2003) . This has of course included the complex nature and broad impact illicit drug use has carried with it.The problem should be understood in its wider criminological perspective i.e. that given the illicit nature of drug use the typical recreational or casual user will avoid approaching the state agency for treatment for the fear that the law may treat him harshly.This has called for a need to have organisations that are " non-threatening and non-judgemental". (Barton, A. 2003).Academics have also stressed on the role of outreach workers in this regard and the perception gaps between state agencies and voluntary agencies as they are perceived by drug-using clients. Gilling and Barton (2005) citing Barton .A (2003) have stated that this "perception gap has increased recently given the encroachment of the criminal justice system into the treatment aspect of drug users". Acquisitive Crime In order to understand the relationship between Drug Use and Acquisitive Crime it is worth looking at the meaning and context of what is actually encompassed by the term "Acquisitive crime". According to the Home Office definition this category covers " property crime" thus bringing with in its ambit Theft, Burglary, Motor Vehicle Crime, Fraud and Counterfeiting etc.The most important of these to the present discussion from a criminological and statistical perspective are Burglary,Vehicle Related Crime and Retail Crime due to their correlation with drug and substance abuse and illicit use of drugs.Infact the link between drugs and crime is overall the premise of Government policy on Crime prevention.This can be seen from the recent Home office research(ADAM 1999-2002) which has actually demonstrated a 'statistical link' between levels of illicit drug use and Acquisitive crime a view shared by many academics like Holloway, K., Bennett, T. & Lower, C. (2004) and Baron.A (2003).The rese arch (ADAM 1999-2002) pertained to the interviews of offenders involved in drug use in relation to their tendencies to commit crimes like burglary, shoplifting and fraud and it was revealed that over three fourth of these offenders confessed to committing one or more of these acquisitive crimes over the past one year and this was particularly

Tuesday, October 29, 2019

Trouble Brews at Starbucks Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Trouble Brews at Starbucks - Case Study Example However, in 2007, trouble began when the company performance began to decline. It reported a reduction in the number of customer visits in the United States leading to a 50 percent drop in share price (Pride, Hughes and Kapoor 45). In two quarters growth remained flat and declined in the fourth quarter. This led to rehiring of Howard Schultz, who was viewed as a visionary leader. This was done on the purpose of restoring Starbuck’s premier brand. To this end, this paper analyzes this company to understand how it can regain its earlier status. In the industry, the level of competition is very high. Some of the major competitors for this company include the Tully’s coffee, Caribou Coffee and Gloria Jean’s. Although, there are a high number of competitors, the industry is dominated by the mentioned competitors. In Starbucks case, there are new entries and other firms in the market. The company’s new competitor is McDonalds’ â€Å"McCafe†. Competitors are likely to enter this industry because the startup cost is low. McDonald has the ability to create its distinct product that will help it tap in the coffee market. A store that can successfully enter the market has the potential to make profits. Fortunately, the company’s location limits new entrants. Also, the existence of differentiated brands enables the company to increase the switching costs for customers. For Starbuck, the sheer scale has helped reduce the buyers bargaining power (Romney n.pag.). There is no single group that influences the purchase of the company’s products in large quantities. Also, there are different options as a result of a high number of competitors. In addition, the products that can substitute coffee are in of a variety. This threat is high for the company. The purchase of bottled coffee is seen as inexpensive rather than opting for the company’s mug coffee. There are also products that can be used instead of coffee. They

Sunday, October 27, 2019

Strategies for Atmospheric Impacts of Road Transport

Strategies for Atmospheric Impacts of Road Transport Consider the prospects for using alternative fuels to reduce the atmospheric impacts of road transport   As our world has globalised, our society has become increasingly interconnected through breakthroughs in our ability to travel from one area to another. This interconnectedness has been of economic and social benefit for people all over the world, so much so that we refer to our world as shrinking due to the ease and quickness of transport compared to that of the past. However, with this development and increase in transport our climate has been impacted. In the past exhaust gases from road traffic had, and still has, negative effects on air quality as road transport are major causes of nitrogen oxide pollution. Due to the introduction of U.S Clean Air Act of 1970 mass production of catalytic converters started in 1975 in the US and was introduced to Europe ten years later. Still, road transport became increasingly desirable for both private and business use. About 38% total fuel consumed is diesel, 60% is gasoline and 1% and 0.7% is gaseous fuels and biofuels. OECD countries are responsible for two thirds of the worlds fuel consumption (Uherek et al, 2010). Road transport vehicles produce a quantity of different harmful pollutants including nitrous oxides and particulate matter. These emission levels are particularly high in urban environments where the population is dense. The European union has set limits to the amount of pollution that populations should consume yet these limits are still breached in the densest areas where motor vehicles tend to accumulate. NOx comprises a mixture of nitric oxide (NO) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2). In the air NO is rapidly converted to NO2 which will also react in the air to form nitrate particles and ozone (O3). NO2 is a toxic gas harmful for health. NOx emissions also contribute to acidification and eutrophication, causing serious damage to ecosystems. Road transport accounts for a third of NOx emissions and is the dominant source in urban heavily trafficked areas. The average contribution of local traffic to urban NO2 and PM10 concentrations is estimated at 64% and 34%, respectively. It is estimated that around 10% of the EU urban population is exposed to NO2 levels above the EU limit value and that approximately 80% of the urban population is exposed to PM10 levels exceeding the WHO guideline value. https://www.transportenvironment.org/what-we-do/air-pollution/road-vehicles People know that road transport is harmful to the environment and yet they continue to use cars. The number of cars used is likely to only increase as third world countries develop and populations continue to rise, meaning that simply using less cars is an unrealistic solution. With this it is clear that if we are going to lower the pollution levels of cars we need to either improve their efficiency or stop using the harmful fuels they burn. Development of alternative fuels for road transport vary depending on the country and their economic standing. When oil prices went up in 1970 it promoted new interest in the idea of alternative fuels. Countries such as Brazil and the US began considering biofuels as a replacement but after a century of research and experiments alternative fuel sources still accounts for less than 2 percent of the worlds road transport fuel consumption. This 2 percent is limited to Brazil, the US and the European Union. The escape from traditional fuel sources ha s been found to be extremely difficult in the transport sector compared to others (Johnston and Silveira, 2014). One of the most commonly referred to of alternative fuels is ethanol, the most common biofuel. With the chemical formula C2H5OH it is the same alcohol found in alcoholic beverages. Used by blending it into gasoline so that it makes up 5 to 10 percent of the mixture. When looking at the characteristics of ethanol it has a lower energy content than gasoline. To reach the same distance you would require a third more ethanol than what you would need of gasoline. http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/transportation/afvs/ethanol.html Ethanol is renewable unlike our finite oil resource. Its the product of various plant materials, usually of corn, so there isnt a massive issue around being able to produce it. Ethanol works best when blended with gasoline as it has a high-octane number, fuel has a minimum octane number to ensure its drivability. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/ethanol_fuel_basics.html Figure 1 Global Ethanol Production http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data/10331 The above graph Figure 1 shows the production of ethanol in different countries over the years, what this graph is able to tell us is that production has been steadily growing with a few dips most likely down to times when other fuels were cheaper. We can also see that the USA and Brazil are consistently the greatest producers. Interest in biofuels has been growing and companys such as shell and BP are viewing them as a possible future replacement for gasoline. Ethanol made from corn creates 25 percent more energy than that which is required to grow the corn and distil into ethanol. Although ethanol creates a more effective fuel it doesnt resolve the problem that we are still heavily reliant on fossil fuels for road transport. Even though it may produce slightly lower greenhouse gas emissions its still not enough to be sustainable (Hordeski, 2009). Electric cars are more in production now than ever before with people owning and driving them, many electric cars claim zero emissions however it is argued that electric cars can be as damaging as regular gasoline powered cars. Electric cars rely on being charged to be powered. This electricity to do so comes from the local electricity network. The energy in this network has come power plants that arent emission free. In California in 2015 60 percent of electricity came from burning fossil fuels and wind and solar only accounted for and meagre 14 percent. If this is the case than does using an electric car really improve on how it impacts the atmosphere? One thing that electric cars do, however, is make air quality better in urban areas which would in turn lower pollution below the European Unions limit meaning healthier air for city residents. At night there is when electricity produced is cheapest, from natural gas, nuclear and hydroelectric dams however this is not the greenest op tion and people are more likely to charge their cars overnight, solar is of course only available during the day when theres sun meaning that its greener to charge cars during the day. Due to the grid, however, there is almost no capacity to store power created from solar and wind meaning energy is used as its produced. The only hope for this problem is future development of the grid to be able to store energy from renewables (Deb, 2016). https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/dec/08/electric-car-emissions-climate-change Natural gas is an odourless and colourless gaseous mixture of hydrocarbons. Liquefied natural gas and compressed natural gas is used for ease of transportation and both used as motor fuel. Natural gas is used for its availability, low cost and its benefits of emission. Vehicle that are designed to run on LNG and CNG drive as effectively as those using petroleum http://www.afdc.energy.gov/fuels/natural_gas_benefits.html In conclusion, it is clear that we must look towards alternative methods of fuel in the hopes of lowering our carbon footprint as without doing so we will only continue to produce more and more pollution. When it comes to using biofuels and natural gas they may undoubtedly provide certain benefits and improvements but in the long term they are also non-sustainable due to ethanol currently just being an additive to a finite petroleum and natural gas being a finite resource itself. Electric would be desirable especially if we were able to rely completely on renewable fuel sources such as solar and wind in the future. However, all have their flaws and only further development will create the fuel source of the future. Uherek, E et al. (2010). Transport impacts on atmosphere and climate: Land transport. 44th ed. Elsevier, pp.4772-4816.

Friday, October 25, 2019

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse Essay -- Gay Rights Ethics Essays

Morality and Gay Rights Discourse When Aristotle discussed the material premises of enthymemes as being important in rhetoric, he was prescient of the kind of appeals that would be tendered by opponents in the discourse over gay rights issues long after his time. Smith and Windes express the nature of this conflict accurately when they write, â€Å"symbols expressing fundamental cultural values are invoked by all sides† (1997: 28). Similarly, Sarah S. Brown describes the participants in a â€Å"struggle to stake out symbolic positions of good and to frame their side in terms of morally powerful conceptions of right and wrong† (2000: 458). Fascinatingly, she suggests, â€Å"even people with deeply conflicting opinions appeal to the same moral concepts for the force of their arguments† (458). In fact, these same moral concepts are ubiquitous to all discourse and to life. They penetrate the social order at the most fundamental level. They are not static, however, and their malleability gives rise to a constantly shifting landscape of debate wherein, as Smith and Windes (1997) assert, the adversaries literally have so much impact as to drive the process of self-definition for one another. Related to that process is the way in which the landscape itself is defined, which Haider-Markel and Meier see as consequential in terms of â€Å"what resources are important and [what] advantages some coalitions [in the struggle] have over others† (1996: 346). (See also: Kintz, 1998; Smith and Windes, 1997). Particularly, they demonstrate that models of discourse which conceptualize gay issues in terms of morality (or culture) as opposed to politics or civil rights offer a rhetorical upper hand to proponents of anti-gay arguments. It is the objectiv... ...vation in Gay Rights/Special Rights.† In: Kintz, Linda and Lesage, Julia. 1998. Media , Culture, and the Religious Right. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Patten, Steve. â€Å"Preston Manning’s Populism: constructing the common sense of the common people.† Studies in Political Economy, Vol.50 (Summer, 1996): 95 Schulze, Laurie and Guilfoyle, Frances. â€Å"Facts Don’t Hate; They Just Are.† In: Kintz, Linda and Lesage, Julia. 1998. Media , Culture, and the Religious Right. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press. Smith, Ralph R. and Windes, Russel R. â€Å"The Progay and Antigay Issue Culture: Interpretation, Influence, and Dissent.† Quarterly Journal of Speech, Vol. 83 (1997): 28-48 Terry, Jennifer. â€Å"Unatural Acts In Nature: The Scientific Fascination with Queer Animals.† QLQ: A Journal of Lesbian and Gay Studies, Vol.6.2 (2000): 151-193

Thursday, October 24, 2019

Kodak Company Essay

Eastman Kodak Company, commonly known as Kodak is an American multinational imaging and photographic equipment, materials and services company headquartered in Rochester, New York, United States. It was founded by George Eastman in 1889. Kodak is best known for photographic film products. During most of the 20th century Kodak held a dominant position in this sector. In fact, Eastman Kodak Co. is one of the dominant market share holders within the camera and other photography-related industries. Kodak pioneered amateur photography and is often credited for the invention of roll film and the first camera. The markets for color film and color photofinishing in 1954 were controlled by Kodak. It had over 90% of the amateur color negative film market. In 1994, Kodak appeals to court to terminate 1921 and 1954 decrees that restrict pricing policies. Moreover, fifteen years ago, Kodak was the fourth most valuable brand in the world after Disney, Coca-Cola and Microsoft, but today, the company has totally sunk. Indeed, on January 19, 2012, the company filed for bankruptcy. We will first discuss about the termination of the 2 decrees and then, try to find out what went wrong in the company that lead to bankruptcy. Finally, we will discuss about the changes I would have made if I was the CEO of Kodak in order to avoid such an end. Question 1: What are the decrees affecting Kodak’s actions? Why were they put into place? Two decrees affecting Kodak’s actions had been put into place, in 1921and then in 1954. According to the first decree, Kodak had to stop imposing different forms of dealing contracts on retailers, divest all of the acquired firms, license its photofinishing processes and technically assist anybody willing to start a photofinishing business. The decree’s main goal was to provide better conditions for healthy competition in the photo industry. With the development of the color film market, Kodak became its unique leader. The company sold its color film only as a package together with processing. Thus, by bundling the cost of film and processing, Kodak effectively monopolized the photofinishing industry. This resulted in the second decree which placed a permanent restriction on Kodak from bundling the sale of its color films to the photofinishing process. It also required Kodak to divest itself of some of its photo labs. Thus, the decrees of 1921 and 1954 had facilitated the development of a competitive market for the sale of films as well as processing. The decrees against Kodak aimed to limit its market power and prevent monopolization of the photographic industry. Question 2: Who are the competitors for Kodak? What market share does Kodak have compared to its rivals? What competitive advantages does Kodak have? Kodak’s competitors are as follow: Fuji, Konica, Agfa and 3M. These are the four firms manufacturing and selling camera film in the US. However, despite a subtle difference in the quality of film, Kodak’s sales considerably exceed the ones of its competitors even though the prices charged by the company are generally higher. According to court, Kodak’s sales in dollar terms constitute about 75% of all the film sales in the US. About 241,000 major retailers provide Kodak film, while only about 71,000 provide its nearest rival, Fuji, even though its prices are reported to be 10% lower. As for the other competitors, their market share is relatively small: Konica accounts for only 4% of sales, Agfa for 3% and 3M for 8%. Kodak’s market share also increased thanks to several acquisitions it made; the most important one was the acquisition of Qualex in 1994 that currently accounts for 70% of all the wholesale macro lab photofinishing market in the US. The main co mpetitive advantage that Kodak has is the consumers ’trust and loyalty: despite much higher prices, 50% of consumers will only buy Kodak film, while 40% will prefer to purchase Kodak products. Moreover, the company also provides various incentives to those retailers who sell extra or only Kodak film. Question 3: What is the relevant geographic product market for film? According to the definition, a relevant product market includes â€Å"all those products which are regarded as interchangeable or substitutable by the consumer by reason of the products characteristics, their prices and their intended use†. We can presume that the relevant market for film includes all of the five firms: Kodak, Fuji, Konica, Agfa and 3M. However, not all of these firms’ products are viewed as fully interchangeable and substitutable by the consumer as stated in the definition. According to statistics, about 50% of consumers will only buy Kodak film despite of substantial price increases. This phenomenon indicates the consumers’ adamant belief in the superior quality of Kodak film. There were two different viewpoints on the relevant geographic product market for film discussed in the case. According to the district court, the relevant geographic market for film is worldwide, since foreign manufactures sell considerable amounts of film in the United States and Kodak’s market share is only 36% globally. However, the government argues that this determination is wrong and that the relevant geographic market in this case should be limited to the United States. The main explanation here is that a relevant geographic market comprises an area where the firm can exercise the market power. Taking into consideration the fact that Kodak charges much higher prices in the US comparing to other countries, the relevant geographic market for this case can be identified as the United States. Question 4: What evidence does the government provide that Kodak still maintains significant market power in the United States ? First of all, according to the government, Kodak had engaged in geographical price discrimination against its United States customers. The evidence shows that Kodak charges a higher price for its film in the United States than it charges for the same film in other parts of the world. The prices that Kodak sets within the US are normally above the competitive levels. This, as the government states, is one of the proofs that Kodak exercises market power in the United States. Another important thing is the US customers’ strong preference for Kodak film and the resulting premium price that Kodak is able to obtain for its film in this country. Despite the price disparity, Kodak still continues to maintain 67%-75% share in the US. However, the evidence shows that the quality of Kodak film is not better than its rivals’ film quality. The last item evidence relied upon by the government to support a finding that Kodak has market power within the United States is the fact that Kodak’s own elasticity of demand is two. According to the government, an own elasticity of two indicates that Kodak is earning excessive profits from its film. This, as the government states, is strong evidence that Kodak exercises market power in the United States. The significance of an own elasticity of two, in the government’s view, is that it indicates that the sales price of Kodak film is twice the short-run marginal cost. Thus, from Kodak’s own elasticity of two, the government concludes that Kodak is exercising significant market power in the United States. Question 5: What risks are associated with terminating the decrees? More specifically, what actions might Kodak take that would hurt competition or unfairly hurt competitors? Terminating the decrees will definitely have some negative impacts and can seriously hurt the competition. It will provide Kodak with many relatively cheap ways to exclude competitors, such as introducing various price reductions and discounts, which the company can afford due to high sales volumes and profit margins. However, the same offers will be too expensive for the rivals, which might drive some of them out of business and only increase Kodak’s market share. Termination of the 1954 decree will again allow Kodak to bundle the sale of its film to photofinishing, as it did before and will involve some serious risks as well. As it has been admitted by the company, one of its main goals is improving its bargaining position with retailers. Since Kodak already enjoys market power over the film it sells to retailers, the termination of the decree will only strengthen its film monopoly and make it even more challenging for the rivals to compete. Thus, it is unlikely that termina ting the decrees and allowing bundles will benefit the competition in any way. Question 6: It was reported that Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection on January 2012. Please provide your comments on the failure of Kodak. If you were CEO of this company, what would you transform and reorganize in the company in the past decade? On January 19, 2012, Kodak filed for bankruptcy protection. The company was doing very well since its beginning in 1889, it was number one and above all, the consumers liked this brand. So, what exactly went wrong? What exactly lead a leader company in digital imaging and photography to bankruptcy? According to many people, economists, businessmen or just consumers, Kodak was killed by one thing, which is the digital camera revolution and an incompetent management that avoided embracing the innovations and changes to their market. In fact, rather than diversifying their product portfolio, they got stuck in cameras and printing and even then, did a poor job of innovating in both fronts. For most of the 20th century, Kodak was one of the largest producers of film for both still and motion picture cameras and it stuck with that business model even after the advent of digital cameras made its films, chemicals and papers obsolete. Kodak watched the market for amateur photography shrink for 30 years ; yet, management consistently made decisions trying to defend and extend the historical market rather than move the company into faster growing, more profitable opportunities. The irony of Kodak’s decline, however, lies in the fact that the company’s own researchers had invented the first digital camera way back in 1976. That should have put Kodak in a position to dominate the industry with a stream of new products such as cameras, printers, printer papers and inks, just as it had in the old days. But it never happened. Despite the fact that Kodak invented much of the technology for digital photography, its leaders chose to license it to others rather than develop the market because they feared cannibalizing existing sales. Indeed, why would they risk reducing their high sales volume, their sales revenue or market share by introducing new products when the business is going perfectly? But they were wrong to think like that because it led them to their end. Kodak had been such a beloved brand for so long that its executives thought Americans would never desert it. By the time they woke up to the fact that film sales were dropping precipitously, it was already too late because the digital revolution was in full swing. There again, Kodak found itself behind the curve after its executives failed to anticipate how rapidly and completely the new devices would transform the photography market. Thus, the Kodak problem is that it did not move into the digital world well enough and fast enough. The former  « king of photography  » failed to reinvent itself in the digital age. So, Kodak’s failure was entirely due to strategic decisions either avoided or made poorly. As a result, from 2003 to 2010, Kodak reduced its workforce by 50,000 employees and closed 13 of its 15 film plants and 130 photo labs. By the end of 2011 it was rapidly running out of cash, its market share had plunged and its stock was selling for just 54 cents a share. The company found itself reduced to selling off its patents simply in order to stay afloat. In this kind of business, I think that the success is related to one simple thing which is innovation. As a CEO, the most important thing is to know when and how to do some changes in the business ; so, first of all, if I was the CEO, I would have changed the management team and hired people who were more open to innovation and who did not fear changes and were ready to take risks in order to achieve a better position and at the same time increase sales, revenue and market share. Then, the company was already leading since its foundation so if I was the CEO back then, in order to keep that high position in the photography and digital imaging sector, I would have always sought new technologies and innovations to always be one step ahead of competition. Even if sometimes innovating can be a failure it will never be worse than getting stuck with the same products for ages. Innovation is the key to success, but in order to make the innovation a success, it is essential to know the customers’ expectations and adapt the products to their need. By better meeting consumers demand, the innovation of new products is unlikely to fail. Furthermore, Kodak already had the consumer’s trust and loyalty which was a plus to its success. If we took into consideration the fact that photography became part of the daily life because of the phones; that half of the camera users did not know anything about photography; that printing pictures became less and less common because of social medias; that thanks to digital cameras, people took unlimited amount of pictures and most of those pictures went directly into social medias such as Facebook, Twitter†¦ It would have been intelligent and profitable to produce new products facilitating a ll of the previously mentioned elements years ago before bankruptcy and before competitors.

Wednesday, October 23, 2019

Mughal Inspiration: Art Forms Increasing Culture

After the Mughals arrived in India, a great cultural growth occurred in many different forms of art, such as music, visual art, architecture, and literature. India was already a country with many different cultural aspects, but the Mughals, of Turkish-Mongolian descent, expanded the realm of art even further. This Mughal art and architecture was considered an Indo-Islamic-Persian style, which combined different aspects of Islamic and Persian art with indigenous Indian art. This style thrived during the Mughal Empire from approximately 1526-1857 A. D. The monarchs of the Mughal dynasty encouraged art in areas such as literature and painting and created many great buildings and gardens that are still a great display of beauty today. The presence of the Mughals in India added to Indians’ cultural life through the beautiful and rich forms of art such as architecture, painting, literature, and music that they introduced to the subcontinent. First, the Mughals made many great contributions in architecture. The mausoleums, mosques, palaces, and cities that the Mughals created were very rich and intricate. In the words of A. L Basham, â€Å"The Mughal period was one of great splendour, and has left its mark on India in the form of many lovely buildings, wherein Islamic and Hindu motifs often blended in perfect unity. † The most noticeable contribution that the Mughals made in art was architecture, because they left so many great mausoleums, mosques, and palaces. Perhaps the most famous piece of architecture even in the worl d today is the Taj Mahal, which is a mausoleum that was built by the Mughal monarch Shah Jahan to entomb his third wife’s remains after she died in childbirth. Construction on this beautiful structure began in around 1632 and was completed in the year 1653. This structure was built mainly of marble, and it includes many tranquil gardens and canals. It is an Islamic structure, but it still was a â€Å"symbol of beauty and excellence for all Indians regardless of religious or sectarian affiliation. † Although this structure was built for an Islamic woman and was influenced by the Islamic style, people from all backgrounds and religions appreciated it for its beauty and symbol of eternal love. The first three Mughal emperors, Babur, Hamayun, and Akbar, each used the Iranian Timurid style of combining marble and red sandstone in the structures that they built. For example, Akbar, the third monarch of the Mughal Empire, built a new capital city called Fatehpur Sikri, which sat on a rocky plateau and overlooked a lake. A royal mosque with a palace was set to the west with the residential town area residing below. The city was gated with a grand entrance made of the red sandstone, and a lofty flight of steps were climbed to reach the city. There was also a marble tomb for Salim Chishti inside the city. Chishti was a Sufi mystic who told Akbar that he would eventually have three sons. The tomb was made of marble, and consisted of geometric shapes and inscribed verses from the Quran. The design of the inscribed verses was considered an abstract form of Islam. This shows the influence that Islam had on the tomb, and therefore on the rest of the citizens who saw this mausoleum in their city every day. Other Mughal monarchs made their mark on Indian architecture as well. Jahangir and his wife Nur Jahan built tombs for Akbar, his father, at Sikandra and for her father at Agra, respectively. These tombs both incorporated the marble theme that the Mughal emperors before them had started. Overall, the Mughals devoted most of their greatest efforts to burial places for their loved ones. They also developed many fortress-like palaces with intricate details. For example, many of the rooms and corridors in these palaces were shielded from the outside by jalis, or latticework windows. They contained â€Å"mirror rooms†, wall alcoves, small waterways to provide air conditioning, and many statues and sculptures. Many intricate details were used in not only the palaces but also all of the structures that the Mughal monarchs built. The architecture of the Mughals added a very noticeable elegance and beauty to the Indian subcontinent. Another example of a form of art that enriched Indian culture with the arrival of the Mughals was painting. Mughal paintings were and still are very treasured Indian art. Generally, the paintings that the artists created from that time had a realistic yet imaginative style to them. Annemarie Schimmel stated in her book on the Mughal Empire that Mughal style â€Å"developed from the interaction between the refined Persian style and the strong, lively version of the Hindu artists. † There was a naturalistic style in these paintings, which was not seen in Iranian tradition or in early indigenous paintings of India. Some believe that it may have been both Akbar’s interest in realism and the European prints that arrived at court that influenced the artists to create this style and use naturalistic colors. The second monarch of the Mughal dynasty was Humayun, who was very intrigued by paintings. If an exotic bird flew into his tent, he caught it and ordered his artists to paint it. This shows his love and passion for painting, even if it was just of a small bird. Akbar, the third emperor, seemed to be the most enthused of all the Mughal emperors about paintings. He encouraged artists to paint and to show him their work; if he enjoyed it, he would give them rewards. Sometimes, he would even honor the especially talented artists with titles or positions close to the throne. In some of the paintings of Akbar’s time, Islamic attitudes towards the representations of living things were considered. Akbar had stated that the reason that the paintings of living things were somewhat imaginative was because the artists could not make anything individualistic, because every arm looks the same and every body looks the same. Therefore, they put their own spin on whatever they were painting, making it unique and abstract. Akbar also believed that painting deepened faith in God, while many others believed it to be blasphemous. The Mughals also showed interest in allegorical themes. They had paintings of Christ, the Last Supper, St. John, and other religious allegories that were not affiliated with their own religion. The reason for their possession of this artwork, though, was nothing more than curiosity. The fact that the Mughal emperors were willing to have paintings of Christian descent shows that they appreciated any and all forms of paintings that they came across, and it added to the diversity of the artwork that they had and broadened their cultural life. The Mughals greatly enjoyed paintings and made this form of art a part of their daily lives by having their own artists with them at all times and by rewarding those who showed them their creations. The Mughals’ arrival also influenced of other forms of art such as literature, music, and even textiles. The first emperor, Babur, and all of his descendents shared a love of fine books. They also thought that calligraphy was very important too; it was not just the contents of books that mattered; they appreciated the calligraphy as well. Akbar was supposedly illiterate, but he worked around this by having people read to him and having scribes take his dictation. His library contained over 24,000 books, of a variety of subjects. Much of his library had books of important Sufi writings, which showed his devotion to his Islamic religion. Also, because Akbar was tolerant of various religions outside of Islam, his library contained translations of Hindu texts. The great variety in these books show the appreciation they had for all kinds of books, no matter what they were about. Each of the emperors were also interested in textiles, but especially Akbar. He appreciated fine-quality velvets, silks and cottons. In each of the Mughal monarchs’ palaces, tombs, and tents, there were fine carpets that were used to cover the floors. They appreciated anything fine and beautiful that they could use to decorate their homes. Lastly, the Mughals brought a unique twist on the music of that time period in India. During the Mughals time period, Indian Classical music arose as two different traditions. There was the north Indian Hindustani and the south Indian Carnatic, which arose mainly because of the Islamic influence. The Hindustani tradition was a mixture of traditional Indian music and aspects of Persian performances. Many new musical forms and instruments formed under the Mughal rule. While some of these musical forms began to form a few centuries before the Mughals arrived, they reached their pinnacle under the rule of the Mughals. The Indian Carnatic music, on the other hand, focused more on the vocal portions of the music and less on the instruments. Most of the Carnatic compositions were written to be sung and performed in a singing style with less focus on the instruments. Each of these forms of Indian classical music, Hindustani and Carnatic, were from Hindu origins. This music helped to evolve Hinduism and allowed its people to practice their religion in a different way. In a more negative light, though, Aurangzeb, perhaps one of the least flexible rulers of the Mughal empire, allowed only strict interpretations of Islam, therefore barring music. This caused music to be driven underground and caused the performers of music to become social outcasts. Overall, though, the Mughal Empire had more lenient rulers that allowed music to flow through India and influence people in a positive light. The Indians were able to expand their musical preferences and appreciate newer forms of music. Directly following the arrival of the Mughals, a great increase in Indian culture occurred through various forms of art such as architecture, painting, literature, and music. Although the Mughals were descended from warriors, they had a great eye for beauty and displayed their love for art through the pieces of work that they contributed to their empire. The great cultural varieties that the Indian people were exposed to by the Mughals allowed their already rich and diverse culture to have even more variety. With art to join them, both Hindus and Muslims were able to live together in harmony during most of this time period. This is also due to the rulers who allowed it, of course, but with these new ways to express art it allowed the Indian people to be united regardless of their religious views and backgrounds. People were influenced to share their own artwork and their cultural diversity expanded even further. Because of the Mughals presence in India beginning from the sixteenth century, Indians’ cultural life was broadened through the beautiful and rich forms of art like architecture, painting, literature, and music that the Mughals brought to them.

Tuesday, October 22, 2019

Tartuffe Essays - Tartuffe, Damis, Le Tartuffe, Orgon, Tartuffe

Tartuffe Essays - Tartuffe, Damis, Le Tartuffe, Orgon, Tartuffe Tartuffe by Moli?re I was in the audience at the proformance of Tartuffe the first night it played at Prairie High School. I really liked Tartuffe, i felt that the play was pretty funny, and i liked how it started off by letting the audience know Tartuffe is a fraud. I thought it was a very good production. In Tartuffe we get pretty much a personal view into Orgons?s home, all of the play takes place here. In Act I, scene 4, Tartuffe, coming into church everyday and drawing attention with his loud prayer. In church Orgon would offer him gifts and he would say they were twice too much and immediately give some to the poor, again this kind of thing makes the audience realize that Tartuffe is a fraud and that he has Madame Pernelle and Orgon convinced that he is perfect. Sooner or later Orgon invites Tartuffe to live in his home. Tartuffe immediality takes everything over. He convinces Orgon to turn the house over to him along with some important papers. Orgon is totally in the dark on whats going on and everytime a member of his family tries to talk to him about it he gets all mad and the have a fight. Tartuffe?s whole reason for being in the home is that he is trying to suduce Orgons young wife. Everyone in his family knows what?s going on and they set tartuffe up to take a fall. It works and Orgon throws Tartuffe out of the house, But what we all forgot is that Orgon had signed everything over to Tartuffe and Tartuffe has Orgon and his family evicted from the home. Luckily, the good king sees through Tartuffe and has him arrested. This play is set in Orgons home. The technical elements of this play are used to set a mood for the play. Like when Tartuffe starts to take over Orgons home, Tartuffes assisstant begins to change the rugs and drapes to the color green, {Tartuffes main color}, and then when Tartuffe starts to lose his control on Orgon, the maid come out and removes the green and replaces it with the regular color. I really wasnt effected by the changing of the colors until i thought back to what happened and realized why it happened. Then it started to make a little better of a picture., of how Tartuffe was taking over then losing control. The lighting of the play was all together good but what i noticed is when Damis is playing a video game in the corner it was a little hard to see and here him because everyone was in front of him and he was in the corner. I liked the costumes used in Tartuffe I liked how Tartuffe and his servant wore green and then Orgon started wearing green, then Orgon went back to his regular clothes, and Tartuffe wore some pimp clothes, that we neet i got how that was working from the start. I dont quite recall many sound effects being used in the show, but before and during intermission there was alot of classical music playing so we got the idea that we were going to see a a play about rich people. The way the playwrite uses Tartuffe in the beginning of the play to make himself look like a hyprocrit, is one of the reasons that i liked the play because i really think that when the audience doesnt like the villian it makes for a way better play. And i think that the whole audience thought that Tartuffe was a moron by the end of the first act. I really had a hard time understanding the play while i was in the audience, because I was under the influence that the play took place in the 14 or 15 hundreds. I didnt find out intil the next day that the play had been moved up in time abit the the 1990?s. I just felt that the old english used in the play didnt quite equal out with the whole 1990?s thing. That was one of the only thing that i didnt like about Tartuffe. I felt that it was trying to make a point, not to trust everyone because looks can be decieving. I think that Tartuffe was really meant for everyone to have a good laugh, there wasnt much else to it. I think that since i already read the script, that is what made me confused about the place in time that the

Monday, October 21, 2019

Tsar Nicholas essays

Tsar Nicholas essays Tsar Nicholas the 2nd was the last Russian Emperor, born on May 6, 1868. He caused a lot of controversy and changed history dramatically as a result of his poor preparation for the position. He ruled his country during the Revolutions, and led Russia into World War 1, all of which radically changed Russia and affected her position in the world. In the early century in Russia, there were many strikes, mass meetings, and demonstrations which eventually became too large for military to handle. These went against Karl Marxs theory that Russia was too much of a backward peasant country to revolt and have a Revolution. Plehve (the Interior minister) planned attacks on the Jews, in the attempt to redirect hostility away from the government and towards the Jews. He wanted to turn the attention of the Russians towards an external threat of a foreign power, and thought that if Russia was to partake in a small victorious war, it would postpone the Revolution. Nicolas helped propel instability into the Revolution by the disastrous foreign policy he pursued in East Asia. In an attempt to make sure that Russia wasnt excluded on colonial possessions, he started an expansionist policy in Manchuria and Korea that led to war with Japan in 1904. In April, 1904, the Russian Naval commander lost his crew when his flagship, the Petropavlov sk, hit a Japanese mine. The Japanese gained mastery of Port Arthur, and started the war in earnest. They gained possession of Mudken, loosing 70,000 men, and killing 90,000 Russians. In December 1904, the Tsar promised some minor reforms to remind his people of his absolute power, but events to come were soon to show the real weaknesses of the autocracy. The battle of Tsushima took place in May, 1905, with 20 Russian ships being sunk. This disaster, and also the growing spread of revolutionary activity inside Russia, forced the Tsar of the need to end the war with Japan. The Japanese...

Sunday, October 20, 2019

Understanding Kuznets Curve

Understanding Kuznets Curve The Kuznets curve is a hypothetical curve that graphs economic inequality against income per capita over the course of economic development (which was presumed to correlate with time). This curve is meant to illustrate economist Simon Kuznets’ (1901-1985) hypothesis about the behavior and relationship of these two variables as an economy develops from a primarily rural agricultural society to an industrialized urban economy. Kuznets’ Hypothesis In the 1950s and 1960s, Simon Kuznets hypothesized that as an economy develops, market forces first increase then decrease the overall economic inequality of the society, which is illustrated by the inverted U-shape of the Kuznets curve. For instance, the hypothesis holds that in the early development of an economy, new investment opportunities increase for those who already have the capital to invest. These new investment opportunities mean that those who already hold the wealth have the opportunity to increase that wealth. Conversely, the influx of inexpensive rural labor to the cities keeps wages down for the working class thus widening the income gap and escalating economic inequality. The Kuznets curve implies that as a society industrializes, the center of the economy shifts from rural areas to the cities as rural laborers, such as farmers,  begin to migrate seeking better-paying jobs. This migration, however, results in a large rural-urban income gap and rural populations decrease as urban populations increase. But according to Kuznets’ hypothesis, that same economic inequality is expected to decrease when a certain level of average income is reached and the processes associated with industrialization, such as democratization and the development of a welfare state, take hold. It is at this point in economic development that society is meant to benefit from trickle-down effect and an increase in per-capita income that effectively decreases economic inequality.   Graph The inverted U-shape of Kuznets curve illustrates the basic elements of the Kuznets’ hypothesis with income per capita graphed on the horizontal x-axis and economic inequality on the vertical y-axis. The graph shows income inequality following the curve, first increasing before decreasing after hitting a peak as per-capita income increases over the course of economic development. Criticism Kuznets’ curve has not survived without its share of critics. In fact, Kuznets himself emphasized the â€Å"fragility of [his] data† among other caveats in his paper. The primary argument of critics of Kuznets’ hypothesis and its resulting graphical representation is based on the countries used in Kuznets’ data set. Critics say that the Kuznets curve does not reflect an average progression of economic development for an individual country, but rather it is a representation of historical differences in economic development and inequality between countries in the dataset. The middle-income countries used in the data set are used as evidence for this claim as Kuznets primarily used countries in Latin America, which have had histories of high levels of economic inequality as compared to their counterparts in terms of similar economic development. The critics hold that when controlling for this variable, the inverted U-shape of the Kuznets curve begins to dimin ish. Other criticisms have come to light over time as more economists have developed hypotheses with more dimensions and more countries had undergone rapid economic growth that did not necessarily follow Kuznets’ hypothesized pattern. Today, the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC)- a variation on the Kuznets curve- has become standard in environmental policy and technical literature.

Saturday, October 19, 2019

Case Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 5

Case Analysis - Essay Example This can be attributed to the fact that more negative feedbacks caused the experts to question the application of the cubicle concept. On the other hand, the corporate administration recognized the benefit of putting a large number of employees that are only segregated in work boxes (Goodbye to the Cubicle? n.d.). On a personal note, the privacy and the level of concentration that can be provided by use of cubicles in workspaces are included in the appreciated effects. On the other hand, if a manner of continuous work activity occurs inside the cubicle area, it can be considered a health hazard and the risk of motivation and inspiration to work and have good output which can be attributed to the confined nature of the work area in the application of the said system. Based on the reaction of the people towards cubicle, there are different points of observations that can be presented. One of the points is that the being a highly social being, the interaction and relationship with other people and fellow workers can have very influential effects on performance of the workers. In addition, the workplace can also be an important factor in itself due to the effects it can bring about to the attitude of the person. In one of the studies undertaken regarding the most effective workplace set up, it had been presented that the open office set up is the most effective since a less pressured and raw working environment can be perceived. Other phases and methods can even be applied such as coordination of actions undertaken by the whole group that can lead to a more refined, well-communicated and well-informed in terms of the goals and visions of the company and the groups. In general, cubicles are advantageous for the physical order in a company as viewed by the leaders. In terms of productivity and efficiency it can be viewed as a hindrance (Gherardi and Nicolini, 2006; Harrison, Wheeler

Friday, October 18, 2019

Hospital- Acquired Infections Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Hospital- Acquired Infections - Research Paper Example Researches have been launched to investigate for probable predisposing factors of HAI as well as the possible mitigation measure that can be put in place to control this disaster. This article will focus on the impact of HAI, its possible causes, and the measures being put in place in an effort to control it. As a result of the increase in cases of HAI, the medical sectors have launched various research programs as a strategy to come up with permanent solutions to solve this problem. Statistical researches have established the extent of occurrence of these Nosocomial infections. The most affected regions include the United States, Italy, France, United Kingdom and Switzerland. For example, in the USA, the center for Diseases control and prevention reported that about 1.7 billion of individuals had contracted this kind of infection (CDC, 2010). Of this number, about one hundred thousand are reported to die each year. According to medical literature, the most common HAI include Pneumonia, urinary tract infections, and bloodstream diseases (Plowman, 1). The most commonly affected individuals include the workers in hospitals, the patients admitted in these hospitals, and visitors who often come to see their inpatients. This has resulted in a large financial burden in the economy of the affected states. The Prevention epicenter program was launched by the Center for Disease and Control Prevention to research on HAI (CDC, 1). This research group has pulled a lot of efforts to establish the predisposing factors and the possible measures that can be implemented to control this calamity through following a scientific research approach. For instance, it has explored the biology of microorganisms that are commonly related to these infections. To kick off this disaster, the first step involves the establishment of the predisposing factors. Predisposing factors refer to

Triad Problematic of Youth Entrepreneurship Research Proposal - 4

Triad Problematic of Youth Entrepreneurship - Research Proposal Example I am considering to replace my used car with another one with a budget I can afford. My net worth in cash does not exceed  £5,000. I will need to finance the rest of the budget via the sale of my old car. The car I currently own has high mileage and can only be sold at the lowest minimum price of 7,266. I decided to vend my automobile to the broker from whom I will get the new car. Even with the finance that I may get from the sale of my motor vehicle, I will not be able to get to the price if the new car that is being sold for 17,293 as the lowest price. The sales representative is allowed to make a sale at this price or higher than that. He is looking to make a deal before closing the business for the weekend. The deal is to be completed on the third day of the following week. Since I cannot afford the car with my total budget from the cash I have and the cash I get from the sale of the car, I need to get extra funds. The total funds that I can afford just exceed 12,000. In this case, I may request for a loan worth 5,000 in order to complete my purchases. In my course of negotiation, I came to realize that I will be able to get a loan from the car dealers. There are some rates that are offered, and the salesperson has to meet. The rules that guide the sales representative are vital in business operations (Jones, Chin, & Aiken, 2014, p. 91). The boss will need to see if the salesman utilizes the skills that he had gotten from the college level in carrying out the business. The skills also entail making a higher bid for the loans. I came to realizes that the higher loan the salesman makes with the client, the higher the special bonus.  

Thursday, October 17, 2019

Annotated Bibliography Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Annotated Bibliography - Research Paper Example Within that broad topic there is also the reality of women’s experience as they grow up and are socialized into a context where their appearance is problematized. Women are then doubly disadvantaged because they suffer discrimination in the workplace in terms of pay levels, and then they additionally feel compelled to adhere to an idealized body image in order to be successful in their lives. Conditions like anorexia nervosa and bulimia are connected with these social pressures. The topic which I would like to concentrate on is how these subtle gender pressures arise, and how they are manifested in the experience of younger adults. Schools are an obvious area where more research could be done on the multiple pressures on girls and it would be interesting also to explore cultural differences and how they affect body image. I am interested especially in the large scale unwritten assumptions of consumerist society and pressures that exists below our daily consciousness, especiall y in the way that institutions are set up, and in the hidden messages that exist all around us. Annotations. Biddick, Kathleen. â€Å"Genders, Bodies, Borders: Technologies of the Visible. Speculum Vol. 68, No. 2 (April 1993): 389-418. Kathleen Biddick is a professor of history at Temple University, Philadelphia and her article concentrates on the way that women’s history has been rendered invisible by the process of recording history, and then recreated in modern times in a way that is quite problematic. The example of Medieval women mystics is used to show how issues of gender and culture are closely related, and how dimensions such as multiple ethnicities and a dominant Christian religious world view make it difficult to unpack the reality of women’s experience in the distant past. Illustrations of medieval art are used to demonstrate certain points but the author does not make it easy for the reader to follow her arguments. At times there is more discussion in the footnotes than in the main text, and this adds unnecessary distraction to an already complicated theme. This article raises very interesting theoretical issues, but it is too abstract to be of much use in contemporary empirical studies. Bordo, Susan. Unbearable Weight: Feminism, Western Culture, and the Body. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press, Tenth anniversary edition, 2003. As the title suggests, this book approaches the issue of female body image from a feminist perspective. It is structured thematically around concepts which mostly relate to the cultural pressures on women to conform to a stereotype which preserves hierarchies of gender. Bordo sees conditions such as anorexia nervosa and bulimia as the â€Å"chrystallization of culture† (p. 139). This means that she interprets them not as disorders, or aberrations but as logical expressions of postmodern American culture, which she describes as being built on the systematic repression of women and girls. Bordo considers a diverse range of cultural forces, including pressure on African American women to be voluptuous, and the tendency to medicalize women’s bodies, especially during pregnancy. This is a wide ranging book that explores what is happening to women, and it is refreshing in its openness to multiple influences. It also usefully examines exactly how this is done through different communications media, and many aspects of society that are so deeply ingrained as to seem natural, despite their harmful effect on women. Evans, John, Emma Rich and Rachel

Master Plan Evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master Plan Evaluation - Term Paper Example ty is that landsides in both of the two airports are build with the new improved facilities that giving the airports a high technological advancement. The other similarity is that the landsides in both airports meet the recommended curb capacity. Moreover, landsides in both of the two airports provide easy access to future mass transit system (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). Various differences emerge on the issue of landsides in both airports. One of the differences is that in the Kansas City, the landside accommodates southern landside access (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). However, Portland International accommodates both the southern and southern east landsides. The other established difference in matters related to landside is that the Kansas City landside provides effective to access roads. However, the landside in Portland International Airport required certain changes and improvements in order to provide effective to access roads (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). One of the similarities is that in both of the two airports, there are in-terminal circulations of vehicles within the airport. The other similarity is there are designated areas where vehicles are required to drop or pick passengers within the airport. The other similarity in matters related to vehicle circulation is that in both of the two airports, there are designated areas for parking vehicles for the all the staff members and customers. One of the established differences in both of the two airports is that there are a number of growths in relation to roadway capacity to facilitate effective vehicle circulation in Portland International Airport. Some of these growth issues include freeway interchange, airport access roads and terminal roadway. However, there are no such improvements identified in Kansa City Airport. The other main difference between the two airports is limited expansion capability in the main terminal of Kansas City Airport. However, Portland International

Wednesday, October 16, 2019

Discussion 3 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Discussion 3 - Assignment Example I think one does not have to be a nutritionist to differentiate between starving and dieting. My uncle and I are very close, more like friends. He has done doctorate in comparative religions. Once, I fell ill. He came to see me. He said, â€Å"I am a doctor, doctors can cure illness in patients, so I can cure your illness.† I took it as a joke because it was meant to be one. It was a poor argument as it was not deductively valid. While it was true that he is a doctor, and that doctors can cure illness in patients, the conclusion that he could cure my illness was false as he was a doctor of comparative religions, not a medical doctor. My mother often says that every person has equal mind and intelligence and thus can score the highest in academics, but I find disagree with her saying that different people have different IQ levels. When I say so, she becomes emotional and says, â€Å"None of my children has a lower IQ level than any other. I know my children. They are all very brainy. Period.† I find this argument very poor as my brother is very weak in studies whereas my academic performance is much better than his. By saying that all her children are very brainy, my mother tries to make emotional appeal. Once I was on a weight-loss plan. I was following a particular diet pattern, which was based on balanced meals. I was taking both vegetables and meat with certain limits on both. My brother told me to leave consuming meat altogether and instead drink more of fresh juices. I disagreed because fresh juices contain a lot of natural sugars and drinking too much of them is not recommendable in a weight-loss plan, but my brother said, â€Å"Go ask anybody. He would recommend you to drink fresh juices to lose weight.† I know there is a lot of misconception about the effects of fresh juice consumption on weight. I find this argument poor as it is an example of ad populum. Drinking a lot of water is recommended

Master Plan Evaluation Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Master Plan Evaluation - Term Paper Example ty is that landsides in both of the two airports are build with the new improved facilities that giving the airports a high technological advancement. The other similarity is that the landsides in both airports meet the recommended curb capacity. Moreover, landsides in both of the two airports provide easy access to future mass transit system (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). Various differences emerge on the issue of landsides in both airports. One of the differences is that in the Kansas City, the landside accommodates southern landside access (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). However, Portland International accommodates both the southern and southern east landsides. The other established difference in matters related to landside is that the Kansas City landside provides effective to access roads. However, the landside in Portland International Airport required certain changes and improvements in order to provide effective to access roads (Richard de Neufville & Odoni, 2003). One of the similarities is that in both of the two airports, there are in-terminal circulations of vehicles within the airport. The other similarity is there are designated areas where vehicles are required to drop or pick passengers within the airport. The other similarity in matters related to vehicle circulation is that in both of the two airports, there are designated areas for parking vehicles for the all the staff members and customers. One of the established differences in both of the two airports is that there are a number of growths in relation to roadway capacity to facilitate effective vehicle circulation in Portland International Airport. Some of these growth issues include freeway interchange, airport access roads and terminal roadway. However, there are no such improvements identified in Kansa City Airport. The other main difference between the two airports is limited expansion capability in the main terminal of Kansas City Airport. However, Portland International

Tuesday, October 15, 2019

Teen Literacy Essay Example for Free

Teen Literacy Essay This affect stays with people through out their lives and affects adults as well. There are cures but they do take a while to work. If people don’t practice the cures everyday then they will not be as effective. Teachers have noticed many grammar mistakes in children’s writing and on their homework. It is the teachers responsibility to correct the children’s mistakes. A new language has developed through the social medium of text messaging. Abbreviations and slang have replaced vocabulary. Is it possible that text messaging is disintegrating children’s knowledge of proper sentence structure? Texting is a huge part of teenagers lives. Teenagers start to receive cell phones at the age of 12. . I believe this is a really young age to start receiving cell phones. Teenagers literacy is affected by texting. If they receive phones younger, their literacy gets worse as the years progress. Girls literacy is affected more than guys because girls are more bound to text than guys. 2/3 of teens surveyed in the Pew research claim they are more apt to text with their phones than actually speak. The cure to fixing teenagers literacy is making them write. If you make your son or daughter write long paragraphs and point out where they abbreviated or spelt something wrong, it will make them want to correct what was wrong because they don’t want to do it again. Although, many teenagers do not want to practice writing, they do not only have to practice by writing, they can practice while texting. If they start to spell words out while texting, they will learn the proper way to spell it and won’t want to abbreviate, because they will realize that spelling the whole word out properly only took two more seconds than abbreviating. . School also plays a big role in affecting teen literacy. Teachers take on a huge roll for students writing, and literacy. It is the teachers job to correct teens when abbreviating a word in an essay. If teachers don’t correct students, students will think it is okay to keep writing the way their writing and will never want to fix it. . Considering most teachers also texted when they were teens and still text now, it is harder for them to find some of the mistakes an older teacher would find, because their minds have been corrupted with the texting world. Teachers also enjoy using abbreviations while texting because it does same time, when trying to type or write something really long. No one is destroying the English language, the English language just keeps changing. This is due to texting, there is no one to blame. It has been proved, that â€Å"hyper-texting† does exist, but what is â€Å"hyper-texting†? â€Å"Hyper-texting† is sending more than 120 texts a day. This can lead if an increased risk of smoking, drinking, physical violence and sexual activity. Since texting has become a huge part of peoples lives, cell phone companies have tried to figure out a way to improve peoples spelling mistakes and abbreviations. Recently, all cell phones have been give auto correct. This helps everyone learn how to correctly type a message and fix any mistakes that may have been created. Teen literacy has been affected in many ways, texting is only one but major way it has been affected. Teen’s grammar appears to really be changing in homework. It is the teacher’s responsibility to do their job and correct children when they are wrong, but teachers were once teenagers and don’t always catch mistakes because they abbreviate as well. There is a social as well as a physical impact on teenagers lives. Many people try to present change as a negative way, but its not a good idea. Children are just going with society, there is no one to blame but society. With texting, teens always feel connected with their friends, they’re never alone. â€Å"About 75 percent of 12- to 17-year-olds in the United States own cellphones, and 75 percent of these teens send text messages.

Monday, October 14, 2019

Arguments For And Against Use Of Precedent Law Essay

Arguments For And Against Use Of Precedent Law Essay One very important element of the law in the United Kingdom is the precedent. The precedent is a  legal case  establishing a principle or rule that a  court  or other judicial body may utilize when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or  facts.  [1]  These decisions can be used as a map to help the judges navigate through the English legal system. Despite the fact that the precedent can be very useful in the English law in some special cases it can only make things more difficult and it can lead to false results. Generally it is argued that the precedent introduces unnecessary rigidity into the law, thereby preventing legal doctrine from developing as society develops. The first thing that we should consider is why this is happening. To examine this issue we should first start from the meaning of the word >. The word precedent refers to an action that has already happened and that could be argued to be the greatest disadvantage of the precedent. Judges that use precedent to help them make their decision are heavily basing the result of the trial on a decision that was made a lot of years ago and thats the most important problem. Especially when we talk about cases that happened hundred years ago its unorthodox to use them as guidance in modern cases. The reason is that through the years the way that people act and think is changed and something that was radical in 1900 can turn into something normal in 2011. Also we can see that modern society develops and with it the law develops too. So mod ern law cant always be compatible with old decisions. Finally one more issue that rises is that we cant be certain about the thinking of the judge that took the final decision in an older trial or about the reasons and the circumstances under which he took his decision. In addition the application of precedent may sometimes cause injustice. The overruling of an earlier case may cause injustice to those who have ordered their affairs in reliance on it. Precedent may produce justice in an individual case but injustice in the generality of cases. It would be undesirable to treat a number of claimants unjustly simply because one binding case had laid down an unjust rule. The use of precedent also has as a result to limit the development of the law. The doctrine of stare decisis is a limiting factor in the development of the law made by judges. Practical law is founded on experience but the scope for further experience is restricted if the first case is binding. Moreover it could be said is that there are too many precedents resulting to the loss of time and money and sometimes leading to confusion due to the large number of cases that should be considered. The citation of authority in court should be kept within reasonable bounds because it can be costly in terms of time and money. Also Lord Diplock has warned of the danger of so blinding the court with case law that it has difficulty in seeing the wood of legal principle for the trees of paraphrase. In order to avoid all those consequences the House of Lords has decided that it will not allow transcripts of unreported judgments of the Court of Appeal, civil division, to be cited before the House except with its leave. Finally one more disadvantage of the precedent is that it makes the law inflexible. The case-law method is sometimes said to be flexible. However a judge is not so free where there is a binding precedent. Unless it can be distinguished he must follow it, even though he dislikes it or considers it bad law. His discretion is thereby limited and the alleged flexibility of case law becomes rigidity. Judges are forced to apply binding precedents that blocks them from making a new decision about a case. This action introduces an unnecessary rigidity on case-law that doesnt allow for the law to develop. One great example that the precedent cant be used in certain cases can be found at the case of R v R [1992] 1 AC 599. In this case a husband appealed against his conviction of the attempted rape of his wife. The defense of the husband supported that a husband cannot be guilty of rape upon his lawful wife because of the marriage contract. Upon marriage the wife consents to her husbands exercise of his marital rights. They based their defense on case law using : Hale, History of the Pleas of the Crown, 1st ed. (1736), vol. 1, ch. 58, p. 629; Archbold, Pleading and Evidence in Criminal Cases, 1st ed. (1822), p. 259; Rex v. Audley (Lord) (1631) 3 St.Tr. 401;  Reg. v. Cogan [1976] Q.B. 217  and  Reg. v. Kowalski (1987) 86 Cr.App.R. 339 The wifes consent could only be withdrawn in certain circumstances, such as her death, or if the marriage was avoided by a private Act of Parliament, a separation order (see  Rex v. Clarke [1949] 2 All E.R. 448), a decree nisi (see  Reg. v. OBrien (Edward) [1974] 3 All E.R. 663), an undertaking (see  Reg. v. Steele (1976) 65 Cr.App.R. 22), a deed of separation (see  Reg. v. Roberts [1986] Crim.L.R. 188), or a family protection order (see Reg. v. S. (unreported), 15 January 1991, which did not follow  Reg. v. Sharples [1990] Crim.L.R. 198). As none of those factors existed, the appellants immunity was not lost by what happened between his wife and himself. Accordingly he should not be tried for or convicted of rape. However appeal was dismissed. Overturning the principle set out in Hales History of the Pleas of the Crown (1736), that a wife irrevocably consented to sexual intercourse with her husband on marriage, their Lordships confirmed that the assumption was no longer applicable in modern times when marriage was viewed as a partnership of equals. The  Sexual Offences (Amendment) Act 1976 s.1(1)  defined rape as unlawful sexual intercourse with a woman who at the time of the intercourse does not consent to it. Th eir Lordships rejected submissions that unlawful meant outside the bond of marriage. It was unrealistic to describe extramarital sexual intercourse as unlawful, particularly as unlawful normally meant contrary to some law or enactment or without lawful justification or excuse. The word unlawful was superfluous in the context of s.1(1). The husband was guilty of attempting to have sexual intercourse with his wife against her will contrary to s.1(1) of the 1976 Act. On the other hand despite the fact that precedent has some disadvantages it also has a lot of advantages because in its favor, the use of precedent is said to bring certainty to the law by enabling people to know how issues will be resolved in the future. At first with the use of precedent people are aware of the law and its consequences and they can predict with exactitude their penalties if they make any unlawful actions and they can avoid them by knowing that its illegal and that they will receive a penalty. Also the precedent is a convenient timesaving device. If a problem has already been answered and solved it is natural that a similar case will reach the same conclusion. The judges can use the precedent to deal with minor offences that came to the jury and that will save a lot of time so that they can deal with more cases in a smaller time period. One of the most important advantages resulting from the use of precedent is that it gives greater certainty in the law and helps the judges to avoid mistakes. The existence of a precedent may prevent a judge making a mistake that he might have made if he had been left on his own without any guidance. Generally the precedent is a very important tool for the judges. When they face a difficult case they can search for similar cases in the past and see what decisions were made. That can help them make a decision and be sure that their decision was lawful and fair. In addition the use of precedent prevents injustice. The doctrine of precedent may serve the interests of justice. It would be unjust to reach a different decision in a following case. Everyone should be equal against the law. In order to realize this we should all be judged as equals and receive the same penalties for the same crimes. The precedent helps with that because the decision is taken based on a previous decision for a similar or same crime. That helps the judges and works like a guidance to help them make right decisions. Also it ensures impartiality of judge. The interests of justice also demand impartiality from the judge. This may be assured by the existence of a binding precedent, which he must follow unless it is distinguishable. If he tries to distinguish an indistinguishable case his attempt will be obvious. Judges that are not loyal to their duty are easy to be corrupted and make decisions that are in favor of one part. The use of precedent helps to limit the pheno menon of corruption of the judges and it ensures a fair legal system. Judges cant make decision and penalties out of their minds. They should follow the precedent if it is binding or if they have worries about taking a decision. Every radical attempt to support one side at the expense of another would be obvious and would be stopped. Finally one more great advantage is that it offers opportunities to develop the law. The making of law in decided cases offers opportunities for growth and legal development, which could not be provided by Parliament. The courts can more quickly lay down new principles, or extend old principles, to meet novel circumstances. A wealth of cases illustrative of a vast number of the principles of English law has built up over the centuries. The cases exemplify the law in the sort of detail that could not be achieved in a long code of the Continental type. The precedent give the opportunity to review old decisions and from reform or create new laws that are representing better the modern time. The use of precedent can become very useful for the judges and is obvious through the case of C v DPP [1995] 2 All ER 43. In that case a boy which was at the age of 12 at the time of the offence appealed against the Queens Bench Division ruling (Times, March 30, 1994; [1994] 3 W.L.R. 888) that the presumption that children aged 10-14 were doli incapax (incapable of committing a crime) no longer applied because the court believed that the common law presumption was superseded and against the public interest. In that case the appeal was allowed because the court believed that except the the actus reus and the mens rea the prosecution must adduce additional evidence to prove the minor knew that what he was doing was not merely naughty but seriously wrong. Especially the court added that proof that the minor had done the acts charged could not per se establish that he had guilty knowledge, however bad the acts. The additional evidence must be obtained from a witness who knew the minor we ll, by interviewing the minor or by psychiatric examination. In para 8.4 of Crime, Justice and Protecting the Public (1990, Cm 965) the government approved the presumption on the grounds that allowance must be made for childrens developing faculties. To change the law by judicial ruling would be inadvisable because Parliament had rejected the opportunity to clarify a known difficulty. Its obvious especially in this trial that the precedent played a very important role in order to reach justice. It was clearly visible that the decision of the court was merely wrong. During the trial, the presumption that children aged 10-14 were doli incapax that means that they were incapable of committing a crime was not taken into account and this mistake led them to a false and unfair decision. The appellant mentioned this mistake and appealed against their decision because it was obvious that it was wrong. This case is a very good example of what happens if during a trial the judge decides or forgets to apply a decision because he judged differently than previous people have judged. In conclusion, the precedent as was firstly argued is a very important and useful tool for the English law. It may have some disadvantages but however problematic we may find the use of precedent in many occasions it can be really helpful in order for justice to come to light. It sometimes prevents legal doctrine from developing as society develops and introduces an unnecessary rigidity but its obvious that its use brings certainty to the law by enabling people to know how issues will be resolved in the future. We cant just decide that the use of precedent should be stopped or should be continued because no matter what its disadvantages are it also has a lot of advantages that have been proved really helpful in everyday life.

Sunday, October 13, 2019

The Mighty Wedge of Class :: essays research papers fc

Mighty Wedge of Class by Todd Erkel Class is a curious, almost elusive thing. It makes rare appearances now and then in talk of the economy and such or in more heated academic debates, but rarely in private. It seems American pretty much avoid the subject at every opportunity by attempting to deny that these class divisions between people exist. But the stark reality is that class structures in America create the very nature of society, setting the hierarchical framework on which every American maintains an identity. This identity is often easily defined by economic standing or material wealth. But it can’t be that easy. As R. Todd Erkel seems to imply in his essay, "The Mighty Wedge of Class," which explores his working-class background, "class" is largely a construction of environment, while money factors little. But does it? Careful analysis of his essay shows that, although the cultural environment of a class, particularly the influence of parents and education, are important factors in d etermining one’s class, it is clear that money essentially determines and ultimately defines one’s class status in American society. Although Erkel presents evidence that the culture into which one is raised influences one’s future class status, he clearly suggests that it is essentially the possession of money that constructs this culture. His experience of growing up in a working class environment made him familiar with the general environment of the working class culture, particularly the behavior of those around him, especially his parents. However, this common behavior among the working class is largely shaped, if not determined, by common financial status. It is his parents’ status of low wealth in society that causes this behavior. He notes that, "the message received by children whose parents have battled with the world and come away feeling defeated is that they are better off not even trying." Erkel’s parents are one of many who try to make it financially in this "land of opportunity," but fail to achieve great wealth, fail to land the jobs that could elevate thei r status to one of high economic standing; thus, they are "willing to settle." Implied by his parents’ example is that the inability to find success financially in life shapes the common lifestyle of the working class and way of approaching life, particularly behavior. This behavior, the appearance of low wealth, creates and perpetuates the culture of the working class. Erkel was naturally influenced by this and learned to imitate this appearance. The Mighty Wedge of Class :: essays research papers fc Mighty Wedge of Class by Todd Erkel Class is a curious, almost elusive thing. It makes rare appearances now and then in talk of the economy and such or in more heated academic debates, but rarely in private. It seems American pretty much avoid the subject at every opportunity by attempting to deny that these class divisions between people exist. But the stark reality is that class structures in America create the very nature of society, setting the hierarchical framework on which every American maintains an identity. This identity is often easily defined by economic standing or material wealth. But it can’t be that easy. As R. Todd Erkel seems to imply in his essay, "The Mighty Wedge of Class," which explores his working-class background, "class" is largely a construction of environment, while money factors little. But does it? Careful analysis of his essay shows that, although the cultural environment of a class, particularly the influence of parents and education, are important factors in d etermining one’s class, it is clear that money essentially determines and ultimately defines one’s class status in American society. Although Erkel presents evidence that the culture into which one is raised influences one’s future class status, he clearly suggests that it is essentially the possession of money that constructs this culture. His experience of growing up in a working class environment made him familiar with the general environment of the working class culture, particularly the behavior of those around him, especially his parents. However, this common behavior among the working class is largely shaped, if not determined, by common financial status. It is his parents’ status of low wealth in society that causes this behavior. He notes that, "the message received by children whose parents have battled with the world and come away feeling defeated is that they are better off not even trying." Erkel’s parents are one of many who try to make it financially in this "land of opportunity," but fail to achieve great wealth, fail to land the jobs that could elevate thei r status to one of high economic standing; thus, they are "willing to settle." Implied by his parents’ example is that the inability to find success financially in life shapes the common lifestyle of the working class and way of approaching life, particularly behavior. This behavior, the appearance of low wealth, creates and perpetuates the culture of the working class. Erkel was naturally influenced by this and learned to imitate this appearance.

Saturday, October 12, 2019

Puritan Values in America Today Essay -- essays research papers

Purely Americans The Puritan people migrated to what is now present-day America due to their persecution in Europe. Their religion observed many beliefs that did not agree with other European Christians. These ideals stayed with the Puritans as they settled in America to build their idealistic, utopian society. Even though Puritan society was largely unsuccessful in meeting their expectations, several of their fundamental values are still exemplified by Americans today. These beliefs included the dislike of anything dull, an intense hatred of tyranny, and the idea that America is a shining example for the rest of the world to follow. The Puritans left no room in their lives for idleness of any kind, they strongly believed unoccupied hands were tools of the devil. A vast majority Puritans also had virtually zero patience for what they presumed to be ignorant people. Powerful attention grabbing speeches were delivered about avoiding idle people and being unoccupied themselves. Subsequently, Modern America also hates to be bored, there is a continuous need to be entertained. ...

Friday, October 11, 2019

Health and Safety Team Inspection Essay

Executive Summary The need to maintain a safe and healthy environment especially in the workplace has become a major goal in global corporations. In Canada, Health and Safety laws have been put in place to ensure employers take reasonable precaution to provide a safe working environment for their employees. Employees on the other hand, have an obligation to comply with the laid down health and safety policies and apply them accordingly. Health and safety inspection are the best way to identify potential workplace hazards before they cause a health and safety or a problem. The main purpose of this project is applying our knowledge of occupational health and safety in the workplace situation by identify and assessing workplace hazards and recommending control measures to eliminate or reduce the risk of identified hazard. It is important from every employee and employer point of view to recognize each and every hazard. It also enables us to know the health and safety measures that can be analyzed during inspection. As a team we can easily recognize what are the responsibilities of an employer, supervisor and employee. Through this project we as a team will get a golden opportunity to understand the risk involved in every hazard. The inspection was carried out at Centennial College Residence located at 940 Progress Avenue, Canada. For the inspection, we focused on the kitchen/storage and the atrium area on which our findings are based on. To help with our findings we also interviewed an employee who works in a storage room as a cleaner. We asked him about the PPE’s used while working he showed us the PPE’s which they use while working in a storage room. He also accompanied us to the inspection of storage room. Overall the college residence has taken reasonable steps to maintaining a safety and healthy environment taking into account the number injuries associated with the accommodation industry However, this report shows nine (9) of our findings, most of which were safety related hazard and mostly work practice hazard. They required little$0-$600 or no cost to implement recommendation s per hazard. H&S Pre-Inspection: Key Insights: The 1st piece of information gathered was that of Marta Borowskas’ (the Residence & Conference Centre General Manager) WSIB Certification. This certificate officially states that she has successfully completed both Part 1 and 2, which is the Basic Certification and also Workplace-Specific Hazard training. This then means that she is the delegated JHSC representative for the Residence and gives her authority for the successful running of Health & Safety programmes. We received the Colleges’ Occupational Health & Safety policy and protocol for reporting Health & Safety hazards during our information gathering processes. This was issued on the 14th April 2010; an updated 2011 version is in the process of being issued, by Centennial College President & CEO Ann Buller. This highlights the Colleges firm stance on Health & Safety importance as it is being endorsed by the President herself. This document outlines the purpose, scope, rules & regulations and policy specific content and clearly defines the parameters with which they are analysed. We also looked at the Health & Safety notice-board, which was centrally located and readily visible. We noted that they had included the names, roles and responsibilities and contact details (e-mail, addresses and tel. Number). Most importantly of all it clearly made particular reference to each of their respective individual skill and training certification levels also. We also gained access to the Residences’ MSDS forms, Propane for example. There is a vast amount of relevant information divulged on each MSDS form-sheet, these include the chemical formation, classification and DOT Hazard Class, its boiling and freezing points, and under what chemical categorisation it is filed under. It also gives First Aid directions to undertake. Other documentation we received outlined the college’s stance on work refusal situations among college (and residence) employees. The whole process and stages along the process of coming to a successful resolution is outlined clearly in the adjoining Appendices’ diagrams. Also attached is the company’s policy on what to do in times of violence in the workplace. Logistics: The inspection of The Centennial Residence was carried out on Sunday the 3rd April. All group members were in attendance in order to be truly thorough with our inspection. In order for this inspection to happen, we had to first gain approval from the General Manager of the Residence,  Marta Borowska. This was done in an informal manner and she was of great help to our cause aiding us with as much information as was at hand to her. Inspection Procedure Details: We identified that we would need to bring some helpful equipment with us. At a basic level of course pens, pencils, paper would be essential. We also brought a camera, latex gloves and measuring tape. A thorough inspection of the residence should take roughly an hour or more to complete. Floor Plan: An appropriate floor plan was drawn, complete with accompanying legend, and the most efficient route, which would fully inspect all areas, was devised. As evidenced within the floor plan, our inspection area encompassed the atrium and adjoining storage room, and corridor entering the atrium of the residence. Particular potential hazards such as uncovered switch board, inappropriate placing of table and crack in the ceiling, was found. For the Floor Plan see Appendix (1) Inspection and Findings: Checklist for the inspection: Yes No N/A Comments 1. Are floor plans posted? The floor plans were posted on every entry and exit. 2. Is there a clear fire evacuation procedure posted? The fire evacuation were posted beside every fire extinguishers 3. Inspect all the fire extinguishers and record on inspection tag. Yes every extinguisher had the record and inspection tag. Every 11th March. 4. Are the fire drills conducted monthly? Date of last drill. Drills are conducted monthly. The date of last drill was 17th March. 5. Are doors unobstructed and protected against obstruction? No obstacles were found in front or back of any doors. 6. Are all exit lights on? Yes the exit lights were lit on. 7. Is there evidence of exposed wires or frayed cords? Yes on of the switch board was not covered and the wires were coming out of it. 8. Are the electronic outlets, switches and lights adequately covered and working? One of the switch board was not covered. And all the sockets were not covered. 9. Have all the hazardous substances been labelled clearly? Yes all were labelled clearly. 10. Are the hazardous materials (WHMIS) MSDS sheets filed in binders on the premises? Yes they are field in binders on the premises. 11. Are the flammable materials stored in proper location? Yes they were stored properly. 12. Are smoke detectors working properly? Yes they are working properly. 13. Are carbon monoxide detectors working properly? Yes they are working properly. 14. Are elevators working properly? Yes elevators were working properly. 15. Observe any personal using improper lifting techniques? Did not notice any employees lifting something in an improper way. 16. Are storage cleaned regularly? Yes storage are cleaned regularly. 17. Are employees wearing the required protective equipment/ Yes according to the conversation with an employee they wear the required equipment while cooking. 18. Is the location of the 1st aid kit clearly marked, known and accessible to the work area and adequately supplied? Yes they were clearly accessible. 19. Is the eye wash station maintained and accessible? Yes it was accessible. 20. Is the emergency bag in designated location and sealed? Yes it was located properly and was also sealed. 21. Filters in exhaust system cleaned at least daily? Cleaned daily. 22. Was perishable or potentially hazardous food properly stored at the correct temperature? Yes the food in the kitchen was stored in proper temperature. 23. Was there enough space to walk through the storage room? In the storage room the small moving shelves with wires in it were obstacle for us to move around in the room. 24. Was there proper ventilation in the kitchen? No there was no proper ventilation in the kitchen. 25. Was there the list of health and safety committee? Yes there was the list of health and safety committee present. 26. Was there H & S policy statement? Yes they had health and safety policy statement. Major Findings We started our inspection from the atrium area of the residence. It is a very clean open space area with the billiards table and a table soccer table to play in Middle West part of the atrium. And to left of south of the areas there were some chairs with a table to sit and do the work. We as a health and safety team entered the area with a strong inspiration to find hazards. Hazard 1 Broken Hot Tub Fence: We entered from the front door and move left to the sitting area as it was very clean and clear to be honest we were inspecting with our eyes open to find a hazard suddenly we looked the spa. It was nicely covered with a brown coloured fence and a board written on it to identify the area. One of the members from our team inspects the fence very closely and he found out that the fence is broken. Fence was tilted out from the original position. It was at the lower part of the fence. It can be really dangerous as someone walking close to the fence suddenly can catch the fence and can cause some serious injuries by falling down on to the ground. We took the picture of this hazard as from the picture it is clearly seen that the fence is broken at the ground level. This hazard can’t be ignored easily it looks very simple but it’s very dangerous in aspect to the result. (for picture, appendix 3) Hazard 2 Loose Light frame As we walked down the stairs in the atrium area we noticed very loose light frame that was attached to a wall. I was so loosed that its sides were starting to come out. On examining this hazard we found out that the fame was missing few screws and this was the reason it was coming off the wall. As shown in the picture the light frame is very loose, people walking on the stairs can accidently come in contact with the loose light frame. This can lead to dangerous electric shock or a fall from the stair case. This type of hazards cannot be identified at the first look. It requires deep inspecting (for picture see appendix 4). Hazard 3 Open Electric Circuits. We then moved to south of the atrium. As we were moving towards the elevator we saw an electric socket completely open on the wall. It was placed exactly beside an elevator’s wall. Wires from the socket were completely exposed. As its position was below the wall so it’s very hard to see it. But a person walking or waiting for the elevator can easily make contact with it. These circuits carry electrical currents which are harmful and can result to electric shock, leading to serious injuries or death. (For picture see appendix 5) After completing the inspection of the common hall we went to a room which was combined as a kitchen and a storage room located south of the atrium area. The kitchen was on the left side and the storage room was on the right side of the door. In order to make it simple lets name the storage section as A and the kitchen section as B. The thing separating these two rooms was a thick wall without any doors. In other words if we stand at the entrance of the room we can see the first aid tool kit, eye washer and fire extinguisher in front of us. After entering the room if we go right we will find the storage room where tables, trays boxes, etc. was stored. If we look at the storage section we can see two rooms. We have named these rooms as a1 and a2. The 1st room i.e. a1 was filled with extra tables, trays, and the other decoration things. The other room i.e. a2 contained various shelves and these shelves were filled with boxes, table cloths, wires, etc. On the other side i.e. on the left side there was a kitchen (section B) there were 2 gas stoves, 3 refrigerators and a long passage where cooking vessels were stored. Hazard 4: Heavy Tray on boxes As we entered a1 part of storage section we saw a heavy tray made of steel, which was not placed properly by the employees. It was exactly situated in the center of the room a1. It was placed on the empty boxes and these boxes were light in weight. The tray was very heavy and if it fell on employees it can hurt badly. The tray was kept without any proper support. In other words it can be said that the tray was half placed on the boxes. The workers were not following the work practices properly and this can lead to an accident  in the storage room.(for picture see appendix 6). Hazard 5: Oil on the floor The floor at the entrance of the room there was a large amount of oil on the floor; the south direction (entrance) of the room a1. This is a safety hazard because any employee can hurt himself/herself by slipping on the floor due to the oil on the floor. This can also be categorized under work practice hazard as it is the duty of the employees to keep the workplace clean in order to avoid accidents. (For picture see appendix 7). Hazard 6: Tables not properly place In the room a1 we saw were some huge tables which were not placed properly. The tables were placed to lean on the wall and positioned in a way that could hurt anyone and can cause a serious injury.These tables were seen on the left side as we enter in room a1. (For picture see appendix 8) Hazard 7: Small moving shelves After inspecting the room 1 we moved towards room a2 in room a2 there were two big shelves (not movable) on the left side of the room and some boxes were on the right side of the room. The way in the middle was blocked by the small moving shelves and due to this there was no enough space to walk in the room. These shelves were full of wires and other heavy materials such as laptop and speakers which created more difficulty walking through the room. An employee can fall and can cause an injury because of these obstacles. Hence this can be considered as a confined space hazard. (For picture see appendix 9) Hazard 7: Heavy Boxes on shelves On the left side of the room a2 there were two big immovable shelves which contained of boxes table clothes, empty plates, glasses, etc. There were few boxes that were big in size and contained heavy material in it. These boxes were kept on the top of the shelves and some part of these boxes was coming out of the shelves. In other words we can say that the boxes were not fitting in the shelves. This can be considered as a material hazard because these boxes can fall on someone. It can also be considered as a work  practice hazard because it is carelessness of the employees to keep the boxes on the top of the shelves even if they are not fitting there. This hazard can be dangerous to anyone and can cause some serious injuries. There are two pictures showing these hazards. (For pictures see appendix 10). Hazard 8: Crack in Ceiling Looking up, a crack in the ceiling was seen in room a2. This crack was in the ceiling which was situated right behind the door of entrance of room a2. This can be considered to be a very dangerous hazard because this crack can lead to breakdown of ceiling resulting in injury or death of the person standing below the ceiling. This hazard comes under the category of ergonomics or workplace design hazard. (For picture see appendix 11). Hazard Inspection Analysis and Assessment Here we determined the level of risk of the hazards we identified from our inspection and make recommendations based on it. Risk is the probability of an injury expressed as a percentage. The calculation of risk for any hazard will be Risk= Probability X Consequence X Exposure. Where probability refers to the chance that something will happen, consequence refers to the result of injury that could arise from the hazard. Exposure is the number of times a contact is made with the event (IAPA, 2006). For our Inspection we followed these scales Probability Scale: Scale from 1 to 10 0-1: Unlikely Occur 2-5: Possibly will occur in time 6-7: Probably will occur in time 8-10: Likely will occur immediately or short after exposure to the hazard Consequences Scale (severity): Scale from 1to 10 0-1: Negligible; may not affect personnel safety, or health, but still in violation of specific criteria 2-5: Marginal; may cause minor injury or minor occupational illness which may result in lost workday(s), or minor property damage 6-7: Critical; may cause severe injury, occupational illness, or major property damage 8-10: Catastrophic; may cause death or loss of a facility Exposure Scale: Scale of 1-10 This refers to the number of people who are regularly exposed to the identified hazard and frequency of the exposure. 1) Kitchen and Storage Room Large Amount of Oil on the Floor Should be cleaned from the floor by using an absorbent to get the bulk of oil off the ground and then applying soap or degreaser to remove remaining film Engineering Control Pre control $5 for soap or degreaser Employees bear more responsibility to address this hazard as soon as possible The supervisor should make sure this is done as soon as possible 2) Kitchen and Storage Room Deep cracks in the Celling Repair the cracks on the celling. Have a builder come in to inspect it to First you have to determine what is needed whether plaster or sheet rock Engineering Control Pre- contact Employing the services of a builder might cost $19.25 to $52.50 The supervisor has to inform the employer about this and employer has to take reasonable steps to eliminate this hazard As soon as possible The supervisor should make sure this is done as soon as possible 3) Atrium Open-cased Socket Cover it with new exterior Hire electrician Turn off electricity. Replace socket with new covered one, turn power back on Engineering Control Pre contact Contact Control $50 – $90 (after electrician labour + call out fee) The employer should be informed and should address it accordingly As soon as possible The employer and supervisor 4) Kitchen and Storage Room Heavy Boxes on shelves not placed properly The weight of each box should be checked to determine if the shelf is strong enough to support it, boxes should be pushed in, far away from the edge of the shelf. Engineering Control Pre-Contact No cost 5) Atrium Light fixture Purchase new fixture Remove faulty fixture Replace old broken light with new Engineering control Pre -Contact $10 – $50 Employer 21st April The supervisor has to ensure that this recommendation is implemented 6) Kitchen and Storage Room Small moving shelves (Confined Space Hazard) Small shelves which are movable have to be cleared immediately to clean the path. It should be placed on the sides to prevent. Also the materials on it should be removed and placed in secured place Engineering Control Pre- control No cost It is again the part of the employee who works in the maintenance department and it doesn’t cost an extra penny as this lies in the employee duties and responsibilities As soon as possible to prevent any accidents Supervisor of the storage room has the duty to inspect the store room. Supervisor should make it clear to all his employees about the possible accidents that can occur if the storage room is not properly spaced. 7) Atrium Hot Tub Fence Mend/Replace the fence. Hire carpenter to come take measurements Tear down fence. Erect this new fence in its place. Ensure protective clothing such as gloves and booths are worn Engineering Control Contact Personal Protective Equipment $120 – $600 The Employer should be responsible for this since it involves funding. 1st May The supervisor has to ensure that this recommendation is implemented 8) Kitchen and Storage Room Large Tables not placed properly Tables should be removed from the wall and placed in an area where no can have direct contact with it. Engineering control Pre contact No cost The worker and the supervisor As soon as possible The supervisor 9) Kitchen and Storage room Heavy Tray (Work Practice Hazard) Tray has to be moved and kept it in as safe place. Preferably it should be stored securely in a shelve or cupboard to prevent it from falling Engineering Control Pre control No cost It is part of the employee who is responsible in maintenance of the Storage room cleanliness. As soon as possible It is the duty of the head of the storage room (supervisor) employee to inspect at least once every day. It’s the responsibility that should be assigned the employee by the Employer. Other Recommendations and Best Practices: To ensure that health and safety is maintained to its maximum standard, the JHSC should ensure that regularly inspections are carried out at least once every 3months (WSIB, 2003). Importantly it is recommended that the kitchen and storage area be redesigned and organised to improve health and safety. The main reason, tools and others materials are not kept properly is due to lack of space in this work station. Also Administrative control such as training should be giving to employees especially those who work in the kitchen and storage area, they should be thought on safe ways to organize and plan their work.