The Deep Vein Thrombosis Health And Social Care Essay

What is Deep Vein Thrombosis or good known as DVT. Did you of all time heard about blood coagulum? A status which a blood coagulum thrombus signifiers in a vena is known as venous thrombosis. Blood flow through the vena can be limited by the blood coagulum, ensuing in swelling and hurting. Most commonly occurs in the deep vena in the legs, thigh or pelvic girdle but it can still go on elsewhere in the organic structure ( Pai and Douketis, 2012 ) . The larger venas that go through the musculuss of the calf and thigh are deep leg venas. They are non the venas that we can see merely below our teguments, neither are the same as varicose vena. Deep Vein Thrombosis is most common in grownups over age 60 but it can go on at any age every bit good. DVT normally can do intercalation when a portion or all of the blood coagulum in the vena breaks off from the site where it is formed and travel along the venous system. DVT can take to long lasting job. It can damage the vena and do the leg to br eeze through, swell, alter colour and leg sores after old ages. What cause deep vena coagulums to organize? Blood coagulum can organize in venas when you are inactive. For blink of an eye, coagulums can organize if you are paralyzed or sit while on a long journey. Surgery, hurt and malignant neoplastic disease besides can damage your blood vas and lead to blood coagulum. If DVT remain in the legs it can do a few complications including phlebitis and leg ulcer besides can take to pneumonic intercalation. Phlebitis is a status which blood coagulums with redness in superficial vena was seldom cause serious job but if blood coagulum in deep venas go on require instant attending because it can take to intercalation. Deep Vein Thrombosis can do the blood flow in the vena is partly or wholly blocked by the blood coagulum. The common site for DVT is in calf vena and a thigh vena is less normally affected while DVT is seldom happen in other deep venas. There are few alternate names for DVT such as thromboembolism, post-phlebitic syndrome or post-thrombotic syndrome. A pneumonic intercalation is a dangerous complication and long-distance flights may lend to the hazard of DVT or besides known as economy-class syndrome. Coronary bosom disease, being overweight or corpulent, coffin nail smoke, gestation, household history of DVT or recent surgery or hurt besides can take for DVT to go on. A DVT is frequently merely a one-of event after a major operation has been done. However, some people who develop a DVT have an on-going hazard of a farther DVT. If have a blood curdling job or continued stationariness, so everybody are advised to seek for a medical attention or take anticoagulation such as heparin inj ection ( after which they are prescribed Coumadin ) to avoid farther complication.LITERATURE REVIEW2.1 Histopathology Histopathology refers to the microscopic scrutiny of tissue in order to analyze the manifestations of disease. Examination of a biopsy or surgical specimen by diagnostician, after the specimen has been processed and histological subdivisions have been topographic points onto glass slides besides can good depict about the histopathology. Sing with DVT, its histopathology is rather complex to understand. Differential diagnostic considerations prior to thrombolytic intervention and surgery should include tumors. Definitive diagnosing can be achieved by a biopsy but CT and MRI besides bring rather a function in naming DVT. However, CT and MRI merely such a waste when the disease is at an advanced phase because any of these scrutinies should be done in the early phase of disease. Based on Phlebol ( 2006 ) , soleal vena was the most frequent site of DVT. At first, primary thrombi would be formed at soleal venas, so its will propagate to proximal venas. The proximal venas would be occluded by fresh thrombi, thenceforth secondary thrombi were made at non-drainage calf venas. Paterson and McLachlin found that most venous thrombi consisted of two parts. One of it is composed preponderantly of fibrin and trapped red blood cell while the other one are composed largely by aggregative thrombocytes. The fibrin-rich parts that attached the thrombi to the vas wall, while the platelet-rich parts localized farther from the site of fond regard. These show that activation of curdling system come before thrombocyte activation and aggregation during the formation of venous thrombi ( Lopez et al, n.d ) . Based on that inf ormation, we know that the usage of anti-platelets drug in venous thrombosis is really limited. Histopathology grounds in DVT shows that coagulation occurs on or nearer to the endothelial surface. When curdling starts on the endothelial surface, thrombocytes may be regrouped to the fibrin coagulum rich in thrombin through adhesive interactions and it will ensue to farther thrombus growing. Based on everything that stated above, we can state that the thrombocyte aggregation localize to parts of the coagulum that are far off from its site of attachment and anti-platelet drugs such as acetylsalicylic acid has prove that it can cut down the hazard of DVT in our cherished life. 2.2 Causes and Risk Factors Deep Vein Thrombosis occurs when a blood coagulums signifiers in a deep vena in our organic structure. DVT ever go on in the legs but it can still go on in your weaponries, thorax, or other countries of your organic structure. The blood coagulum can barricade our circulation or Lodge in a blood vas in our lungs, bosom, or other portion of our organic structure and can do terrible organ harm and can take to decease. This subject will uncover about every causes and hazard factors that can take to DVT. There are many causes and hazard of DVT. Some of that are: A individual will hold DVT when a vena & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s inner liner is damaged. There are many factors that can take to this hurt. For instant it can be cause by physical, chemical, or biological factors. Besides, surgery, serious hurts, redness and immune responses besides can be the causes to it. DVT can besides go on when the blood flow is sulky or slow. Stationariness or deficiency of gesture can do sulky or slow blood flow. This status ever occurs after the surgery, bed remainder for a long period and holding a long journey that take a long clip. A status which blood is thicker or more likely tend to coagulate than normal ( thrombophilia ) besides can ensue in DVT. This is due to familial status such as V Leiden factor that increase the hazard of blood curdling. Apart from that, endocrine therapy or birth control pills besides can increase the hazard of blood coagulum. The preventive pill and endocrine replacing therapy ( HRT ) has little increased hazard of DVT since the oestrogen in it can do the blood to coagulate somewhat more easy. Peoples with malignant neoplastic disease or bosom failure can besides increase the hazard for DVT. Usually, probe looking for the cause of DVT may demo malignant neoplastic disease to be the implicit in cause. Older people over the age 60 old ages besides probably to hold DVT peculiarly if they have hapless mobility or holding a serious unwellness that can halt them to make a batch of action. Pregnancy besides increased the hazard for DVT to go on. Normally, within six month after they give birth or while they are pregnant. Dehydration will increase the opportunities for DVT because the blood becomes more gluey an apt to coagulate. As a male, safeguard should be taken because work forces tend to develop a DVT more frequently than adult females. Bing an corpulent individual besides can take to DVT. There are many causes and hazard of DVT that we are incognizant of it for the certain time.DVT can go on anyplace in our organic structure portion and besides can assail everybody in different ages but older people are more vulnerable to it. The most hazardous patient to hold DVT is after holding a surgery because the blood can easy coagulate if it non cared in a good ways. Lack active individuals besides are in a high hazard of DVT since it will do the blood to flux easy and easy to coagulate. DVT besides can be inherited and incorrect pill intake besides can ensue in DVT. In easy word, there are many causes and hazards that can take to DVT and every citizen around this universe should take every safety safeguard to avoid DVT. 2.3 Incidence and Comparison There are many people around this universe that have experience DVT. About 2 million Americans have experienced DVT each twelvemonth without they are recognizing it. Based on Convenient option for DVT ( 2012 ) , the exact incidence of DVT is still unknown in Malaysia but there is turning grounds that DVT is non uncommon in Asians. Based on necropsy surveies, hospital audits of admittance to major infirmaries and besides subclinical DVT in high hazard state of affairss such as after major joint surgeries show that there is increase of the incidence. Harmonizing to Prof Hatem Salem, Head of Department, Australian Centre for Blood Diseases, there is sedate misconception that DVT is rare in Asians because he finds out that Asians excessively are at hazard of DVT ( Convenient option for DVT, 2012 ) . Normally, DVT happen after post-surgeries and a few studies have appeared with high incidence of DVT in orthopaedic patients comparable to Western survey. Dhillon, Askander and Doraisamy ( 19 96 ) suggest that the present pattern of keep backing everyday prophylaxis against thromboembolism in Asiatic patients undergoing bad orthopedic process should be reconsidered. In Western states, DVT occurs in 45 % to 84 % of patients after hip and articulatio genus surgery in the absence of prophylaxis ( Stulberg et al, 1984 ) but there is a steadfast belief that the complications is rather rare in Asiatic patients. Lack of consciousness in Asia of a status that become one of the chief slayer factors in West is due to the religion that thromboembolic disease is rare in Asia. Since DVT ever have been linked with post-operative so every patient that have undergoes surgery should take a good attention of their wellness to avoid DVT. However, there are few sentiments that stated DVT is rare in Asians and the first study was made by Tinckler in 1964 stated that there is rareness of post-operative DVT and pneumonic intercalation in Asians ( Tun et al, 2004 ) . A survey that has been made in a few Asians state like Malaysia, Hong Kong and Japan besides show that there is low incidence post-operative DVT has happened around this state. A few incidences in Asiatics can be taken to do a comparing with the Western to demo differences in frequence of DVT in this universe. In developed states of the Western country show that DVT and attendant pneumonic intercalation is still becomes the figure one menace to post-surgery while in Asian specifically in Malaysia show that there is still low incidence of DVT after the operation done. A survey has been made in United Kingdom to stand for Western hemisphere and Malaysia as Asian & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s representator. In UK, Sandler and Martin found that 9 % of patients admitted to a general infirmary died and 10 % of these deceases were due to pneumonic intercalation that originated from DVT of lower limb. Based on a survey made in Hospital Universiti Sains Malaysia, Malaysia on 45 patients, merely one positive DVT confirm among 45 patients that have been observed. There is merely 2.2 % and this good consequence show incidence of DVT among patient in Asia is still low ( Tun et al, 2004 ) . In a nut shell, the incidence of postoperative DVT in Asiatic patients is non low as is normally believed and besides it is non high like we know. Larger surveies are needed to settle this contention and happen out all the true fact sing this affair. Based on survey that has been made above, everyday pattern of keep backing prophylaxis in Asiatic patients undergoing bad orthopedic process should be reconsidered. We can reason that DVT is still low in Asians but we should be cognizant of DVT in the hereafter because it is excessively hazardous to take this affair as little things. 2.4 Mortality and Morbidity If DVT is left untreated, there are many bad effects can go on and some of that can ensue in mortality and morbidity. There is short-terms morbidity in DVT such as cardiorespiratory effects that may detain ablactating from mechanical airing and there is besides long-run morbidity like patient-centered effects such as chronic venous inadequacy. Based on Vascular Medicine ( 1998 ) , short-run mortality for DVT patient is reported to run between 7 % and 15 % merely while long-run mortality has record a great figure of deceases for patient with DVT. In a Dutch survey of 355 patients, 90 died during follow up. Patients with a DVT are at hazard for morbidity and mortality since a fragment of the thrombus can embolize to the lungs. Anthony and Bon ( 2004 ) , suggested that about one half of patients with an untreated proximal DVT will develop a pneumonic intercalation within 3 months. In the yesteryear, contrast venography has been used to govern out DVT. Nevertheless, due to some job such as outgo of work force and clip, infinite and equipment and most significantly is it besides associated with morbidity, it was been terminated and been replaced with other machine that can get the better of this job. There are many indicants of short-run mortality of patients with DVT such as malignant neoplastic disease, pneumonic intercalation and major hemorrhage. There are besides many caused that can take to long-run mortality such as malignance, pneumonic intercalation, acute myocardial infarction, ischaemic shot and decoagulant related to bleeding. 2.5 Pathophysiology 2.6 Signs and Symptoms There are few symptoms to acknowledge DVT but frequently DVT occurs without any symptoms. The symptoms of DVT are related to obstructor of blood returning to the bosom and doing a pooling of blood in the leg. Patient with DVT will undergo puffiness of the affected leg and the leg may experience warm and look ruddy. Apart from that, patient calf or thigh may hurt or experience stamp if it is been touch or squeezing or when base or move. There are no symptoms appear if the blood coagulum is little and for some instances, Pulmonary Embolism is the first mark that confirm for DVT. Basically, it can be difficult to observe DVT since some of the symptoms are same with other wellness jobs. Sign and symptoms entirely are non plenty to find the DVT but when hazard factor is take under considerable, so it can assist to find likeliness of DVT. Some of the common mark and symptoms of DVT: Pain Swelling ( hydrops ) Tenderness Inflammation or tegument colour alterations Skin heat Stain Dilatation of venas surface Discomfort when the pes is pulled upward Leg weariness Signs and symptoms occur vary depending on the badness of the status and non all of these symptoms have to happen with deep vena thrombosis. 2.6.1 Conditionss That May Cause Similar Symptoms Patient is advised non to do any early premise in holding Deep Vein Thrombosis if they are undergo the symptom that stated above since there are a figure of different conditions that can do the same mark and symptoms like DVT. Some of the conditions are: Muscles achings and cryings Superficial thrombophlebitis ( blood coagulum that forms in an inflamed portion of a vena near the surface of the organic structure ) Varicose venas ( blood vass that are abnormally conceited and distorted Blood coagulums in arterias Arthritis ( redness of the articulation ) Cellulitis ( infection in tissue under the tegument ) Bone break Lymphedema ( swelling in the custodies and pess caused by extra unstable keeping ) Since DVT symptoms are rather same like other wellness job, patient demand to undergo specific process and particular trial to corroborate the diagnosing or regulation out the other job.Imagination MODALITIES3.1 First Line Evaluation 3.2 Second Line EvaluationIMAGES FEATURE OF PATHOLOGYTREATMENT AND PREVENTIONPrognosisDecision

Assess the Supernatural in Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare wrote his plays during the Elizabethan time, a time of change and discovery, which was called the Renaissance. Changes in religion, politics, science, language, and the arts made the population excited and think about and believe in things differently. One subject many people had different beliefs about was the belief of the supernatural. Many women were accused of witchcraft; they would be burnt at the stake or thrown into a river to drown. Shakespeare uses witches in Macbeth to scare the audience. This is shown in the first scene, Act 1 Scene 1. In the first scene, without anyone saying a word, Shakespeare manages to scare the audience. He does this by having thunder and lightning coming from behind the stage. Not only does this scare the audience, which they wanted to happen, they came to get scared, but it sets the mood. The come across as grey, gloomy and dark which again frightens the audience. When the first witch speaks she asks the others: When shall we three meet again, In thunder, lightning or in rain? This tells us two things: 1. They have met before and 2. They seem to be able to control the weather. Controlling the weather is important because this means whenever there is thunder lightning or rain the witches will most likely be there. This also means that they can set the mood for the audience. The withes then go on to predict the future saying: Where the Place? Upon the heath. There to meet with Macbeth. This shows us that the witches know that Macbeth will win because he must be alive to meet with them, plus they know where and when the battle finishes. In the last line all of the witches say: Fair is foul, and foul is fair: Hover through the fog and filthy air. All this means is that the witches plan to create chaos amongst Macbeth, to make him confused weary and doubtful. The next time the witches appear is in Act 1 Scene 3. In this scene the second witch has been travelling â€Å"killing swine† as she puts it and she describes her travels as: A sailor’s wife had chestnuts in her lap †¦ †¦Look what I have. This tells us that the witches hold grudges against other people causing their evil to become worse if you do not do as they say. It also re-inforces the mood from scene 1, the fact that they can change the weather and that they have supernatural powers. Whilst the witch is describing what she has been doing, there is constant thunder and lightning happening around them which also re-inforces the mood again from scene 1. Later on in the scene Macbeth meets up with witches along with Banquo. The witches tell him: All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Glamis! All hail, Macbeth! Hail to thee, Thane of Cawdor! All hail, Macbeth! That shalt be king hereafter. Macbeth seems stunned to this while Banquo asks him: Good sir, why do you start, and seem to fear Things that do sound so fair? For a while Macbeth says nothing, looking stunned shocked and confused at what the witches have just told him. Banquo asks whether they are real or not but gets a reply like Macbeths. He is told that he’ll be lesser than Macbeth but greater, not so happy but much happier and that he will have kings in his family. Banquo says nothing to this as if he didn’t hear it, and just continues speaking to Macbeth. Macbeth questions what the witches have just told him, he is confused at what they have told him because the Thane of Cawdor and the King are both still alive. He tries to work it out but then gets demanding saying: Speak, I charge you. To this the witches vanish leaving a shocked and confused Macbeth and Banquo, still looking like he’s heard nothing. So now Macbeth is feeling anxious and worried of what they have told him and this is all to emphasise the fear that has been incorporated with the witches since the beginning of the play. He has all these feelings building up inside of him until he gets told that the Thane of Cawdor betrayed his armies and joined the Norwegians, to which he gets executed and passes the thane to Macbeth. All of his feelings are now turning into excitement because what he was told by the witches is becoming true. He starts thinking to himself: Glamis, and Thane of Cawdor: The worst is behind. That the worst is behind him and he might as well continue now he’s got so far. He starts to think about killing the king despite Banquo telling him: That, trusted home, Might yet enkindle you unto the crown†¦ †¦In deepest consequence. He images killing the king and what it would get him, but it’s only an idea at the moment, and it starts to disturb his body so much that trying to imagine it makes him unable to move, making nothing seem real except the fantasy of being king. It kind of scares him making his hair stand on end and heart pump against his ribs uncontrollably: This supernatural soliciting†¦ †¦Is smothered in surprise, and nothing is, But what is not. This is the effect the witches have on Macbeth during Act 1 Scene 3. The witches don’t appear for quite a while in the play but there are many other supernatural occurrences between now and then. The next one is in Act 2 Scene 1, where Macbeth sees a dagger. Probably the most famous lines in the book are in this scene when Macbeth sees a dagger on the way to kill Duncan. At first he thinks its part of his imagination: A dagger of the mind, a false creation, Proceeding from my heat-oppressed brain? His brain seeing things because of all of what he’s been through, but then he tries to grab the dagger, talking to himself he thinks its real but his hand goes right through it. He says to himself: Come let me clutch thee: – I have thee not, and yet I see thee still. Art thou not, fatal vision, sensible To feeling as to sight? He starts to mock the Image in front of him saying it was trying to guide him the way he was already going although he probably wouldn’t have don it without the dagger appearing. He then sees blood on the handle of the dagger and he questions where it came from, he reckons it’s the violence of the act making him see physical shapes in this way. Macbeth thinks that his mind is playing tricks on him making him doubtful and starts to feel guilty of what he’s done to himself just to get where he is now. The dagger vanishes at the sound of a knell, which Macbeth says will summon the king, Duncan, to heaven or to hell. After Macbeth kills Duncun, Banquo gets killed in Act 3 scene 3 and the next scene has the next supernatural happening. Banquo’s ghost appears at Macbeths Banquet Macbeth prepares a banquet for him becoming king inviting all of the Thanes, Lords and some attendants. He starts by saying how disappointed he is at Banquo’s absence from the feast and asks where he’ll sit, only to find Banquo’s ghost has taken his place: To grace us with you royal company? The tables full. Here is a place reserved, Sir. Where? Here, my good lord He says that one of the lords have played a practical joke on him. When the lords rise to leave Lady Macbeth stands and say that he is usually like this and that he’ll be well enough soon, but if they stare at him then they will only prolong the fit he’s having. She asks him whether he’s a coward or not to what Macbeth replies: Ay, and a bold one, that dare look on that Which might appal the devil He is saying that what he is looking at even the devil could not bear to see therefore making him a man. Lady Macbeth seems to thinks his actions are rubbish, saying its his fear that is causing him to imagine this and that he needs to come to and be brave. When she says this the ghost disappears leaving Macbeth to stand there distraught at what he just saw. He tries to convince Lady Macbeth that there was a ghost but all she says is that his friends are growing tired of him. When Macbeth is apologising to his Lords the ghost re-enters, Macbeth asks for a drink of wine to toast to Banquo but when he turns around the ghost is there in front of him. He shouts: Avaunt! And quit my sight! Let the earth hid thee!†¦ †¦Which thou dost glare with. In this quote he is saying that there is no life in the ghost’s eyes and he wants it to be gone. Lady Macbeth says to the Lords that it is nothing out of the ordinary, and that they shouldn’t worry, it is only spoiling the feast. Macbeth then approaches the ghost saying why did you take the form of Banquo, anything but Banquo and I would’ve been fine. But if I still live in fear and trembling then you can call a feeble creature: What man dare, I dare: †¦ †¦Unreal mockery. What he means by this is that the ghost could’ve taken form apart from Banquo’s and he wouldn’t have been scared. After this the ghost disappears and Macbeth sits down saying that he is a man again now the ghost has gone. The Lords ask him what he saw but Lady Macbeth stops them saying: Question enrages him. At once, good night. They wish their majesty good health and then depart leaving Macbeth to brood upon the uncanny ways in which murders are often revealed. He also wonders why Macduff did not appear at the feast.

Hindu and Judeo-Christian myths Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Hindu and Judeo-Christian myths - Research Paper Example In all of the creation myths, there is the birth of the world and the birth of humans. In many of the creation stories, there is also a deluge – this means that the creator thinks that He or She made a mistake in creating the humans, so sent them back to the chaos of the Flood. The waters of the flood may also be a source of new birth. The archetypal characters who may appear in the creationism myths include the creator, who makes order out of chaos, sometimes by using his own bodily fluids, sometimes by conjoining with an equal and opposite natural power; the trickster, who is the negative force; the first man and first woman; and the flood hero, who looks for a new beginning after the great flood (97). The Hindu myths and the Christian myths diverge significantly, however, in how creation began. How are the two creation stories from different regions of the world inter-related? Hindu Myths   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Hinduism is an extension of Veda, which i s the source of many Hindu rites and speculation (Renou, 105). Since this religion, which essentially â€Å"fed† Hinduism, is the source of mythology, this is a religion which may be explored to determine the creationist myths of Hinduism. In Veda, there are gods which function as represented, much like in Greek mythology. Among the gods worshiped by the Vedas, was Arya, who was the god of war; Agni, the god of fire; and Soma, the god of plant and liquor (105).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One of the myths for how the world began, according to the Veda, is the creation of the world from the soul (Renou, 107). In this myth, there was a soul that was in the form of the person. Because this soul was alone, he desired a second, and his self was split into two pieces – a   husband and a wife. From this husband and wife’s copulation, humans were reproduced. She then became a cow, and he a bull, and they reproduced. She became a mare, he a stallion, w ho reproduced. And so forth, on down to the ants. Whatever was moist in the world was created from semen, and was called Soma. He created his superiors, the gods. Therefore, according to this myth, the world was populated from one soul.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Rg Veda has another telling of how life was created, and that was through primeval incest. In this story, which may be simply an anthropomorphic retelling of the earlier myth about the One who creates a Second, which is the myth told above, a father impregnates his daughter. According to this story, when the father shed his seed in his daughter, his seed was spilled upon the earth (Doniger O'Flaherty, 167). Doniger O’Flaherty states that the Brahmanas also had a version of creation, as did the Upanisads. In this version of creation, there is also incest. The incestuous father’s name in this myth is Prajapati. In this story, Prajapati approached his daughter, who was alternatively the sky or the dawn. She was in the form of a doe, he as a stag. The others did not approve of this, and Prajapati was pierced, and flew upward as a deer. The arrow was in three parts, and was known as the tripartite arrow. Prajapati also had a chance to spill his seed, and his seed spillage became a lake. Cattle sprang up from the seeds when the Marutttsss blew upon it. Doniger O’Flaherty states that this is one version, and other versions have the sons of Prajpati committing the incestuous act with their own sister. In these other versions, the Rudra is born from the seed, and, in some versions, the Rud

How significant are the events of September 11th 2001 for Realist Essay

How significant are the events of September 11th 2001 for Realist assumptions Do they fundamentally undermine Realist assumptions - Essay Example Following the Cold War there was a return toward liberalism, and currently the pendulum appears to have swung back to a convoluted type of realism. Discussing these theories is much like watching a really good tennis match - there is a constant volley of back-and-forth with no end in sight. The main reason for this most recent shift back to realism is the terrorist attack against the United States on September 11, 2001. On September 11, 2001, the United States suffered an act of terrorism that transcended the attack on Pearl Harbor that led to U.S. involvement in WWII. Terrorists hijacked domestic airline flights and used the planes as the tools to destroy the World Trade Center in New York City and to damage the Pentagon. Over 3.000 people were killed, and the world was silent with shock. The ease with which the terrorists carried out this act and the unexpectedness of the event led the world’s nations to once again turn toward realism in regards to International Relations. The theories of liberalism and realism are at opposite sides of the spectrum. The late 1980s and the 1990s saw a trend toward liberalism. Proponents of liberalism stress the ideas of interdependency and cooperation among the nations (Haque, 2003). Realism, on the other hand, assumes that anarchy is the norm and each nation sees the others as a constant threat (Owen-Vandersluis, 2000). In order to survive this anarchy, nations must be self-sufficient and able to protect themselves against real or perceived threats. Nations commonly focus on military strength, making sure that they are powerful enough to prevent attacks from others. A perfect example is the relationship between the United States and the Soviet Union during the Cold War in the 1970s and early 1980s. The end of the Cold War resulted in new attitudes on behalf of the American people. They focused on living with peace, rather than antagonism, and were confident that democracy had solved the world’s

Can Massage Therapy Help the Brain Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Can Massage Therapy Help the Brain - Essay Example Manual muscle therapies are effective if they are undertaken by following a recommendation from a doctor (Hopson 2003). Spinal cord and brain function can undergo a profound positive change with CranioSacral Therapy. Since 1975, the therapy is successfully used in treating ADD (attention deficit disorder) and ADHD (attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. The structural restrictions in membrane layers and bones around the spinal cord and brain inhibit the normal flow of vital nutrients and fluids into and out of brain that assist proper function of the manner. The gentle application of CranioSacral Therapy release the restriction in these organs and enhance the natural function of brain which decreases the levels of ADHD and ADD and alleviate the disorders completely. The manual, light touch CranioSacral therapy offers solutions to the restrictions in craniosacral system. The craniosacral system comprises of fluids and membranes that protect and surround the spinal cord and brain. This is an important physiological system that stretches from the face, mouth, bones of the skull and forms the cranium sacrum and the tailbone area. The CranioSacral therapy is highly effective improving the flow of fluid within the spinal cord, brain and the whole body and relieves any adverse strain and restrictions. The stronger fluid movement enables brain cells to receive the required amount of essential nutrients to function effectively and synchronize with other cells. The proper fluid flow forms a environment in brain where toxic irritants and waste products are flushed out constantly. When the stress cause by the compromised fluid flow is alleviated the regions of the brain that was underactive or overactive will return to normalcy. The outcome of under massage therapy is a central nervous system with greater mobility and balance and a

Ryan Air case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Ryan Air case study - Essay Example This antagonism caused criticism from the industry tarnished the image of the organisation (Using TOWS Matrix, 2009; Case Study). The threat of substitute transportation and the entry of other competitors who could deliver better the gaps that Ryan Air left behind, along with its failure to rectify its weak spots and problematic areas could propel the company to face some serious problems in the future. But then again, the continuous expansion of EU and the burgeoning of the budget sector seeking low cost services provided excellent opportunities for further expansion and rapid growth. Using Porter’s Five Forces, the rivalry within the industry is very high. This is characterized by the number of competitors servicing the same market within EU with easyJet, AirBerlin, Aer Lingus, FlyBe among others not to mention the long haul carriers (Appendix). On the other hand, both the threat of potential entrants and the threat of substitutes are within the medium range. Barrier to entry is high because of the low cost strategy but switching cost of the customers is low. Terrorism threat which required stricter rules in airport which resulted to additional inconveniences could drive customers to switch to trains while the rising popularity of low fuel consumption cars posed as substitute threats to airlines with short haul service (Case Study). The bargaining power of buyers is on the medium scale as switching cost is low. Because of the size of the market, customers could also easily choose which type of service to avail depending on needs and preferences. At the other end, the bargaining power of suppliers’ ranges from medium to high depending on given scenario. It is especially high with regard to fuel suppliers as petroleum prices are dictated by the world market (Hunger and Wheelen, 1996). Ryan Air’s competitive positioning was based on capturing a segment of the market, focusing on it with a strong

Wk 2 discussion questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Wk 2 discussion questions - Essay Example This will help him feel successful. I remember that in grade school I was a not a good math student. Everything was fine in math class until 4th grade. That is when multiplication and division was introduced. I understood addition and subtraction and working with decimals, but multiplication was very hard for me to grasp. I was weak in my math skills going into 5th grade. My teacher worked with me until Christmas break to help me learn my multiplication tables. She was emotionally supportive through this entire process by rewarding and recognizing all of my successes. She never made me feel as though I was wasting her time or that I was a burden. She made it clear that everyone learns how to do math in his or her own way and in his or her own time. When I returned from Christmas break, I thought I was finished with my tutoring sessions with the teacher, but to my surprise they were just beginning. I was still having trouble memorizing the multiplication tables, so my teacher began to keep me inside from recess. I hated this, but I never remember feeling as though I was being punished. The kindness my teacher used, and her unwavering firmness in insisting I learn these math facts, was a great support to me as I progressed through the year. Her emotional support helped to make me a

The Cold War Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Cold War - Assignment Example 2010) That said there was plenty of room for disagreements and competition to erupt between the two; There are three are reasons that generally gave the United States little choice but to become a part of the Cold War. The first was the issues of free elections that Poland should have been able to participate. But due to under the table deal making by Stalin with Hitler during World War II the Soviet Union would not allow Poland their free elections. For this reason President Truman made it clear that as our allies we were required to aid and support them; the same was true of our Mediterranean allies.(Henretta et al. 2010) This pushed us into involvement. Next, was the arms competition. The aforementioned arms race left America little choice but to participate in the Cold War, or else face the Soviet Union becoming more powerful and far more dangerous. Lastly, the United States being entering into the Cold War had a great deal to do with ideology and philosophical belief systems. Th e Cold War represented the war between Democracy and Communism. Defeating the Soviet Union was the same as gaining the upper hand over Communism. Ultimately, the United States and the Soviet Union did not destroy each other, or the rest of the world, obviously. However, some scholars today will tell you that the Cold War did not end in the 1960s, as often stated; it did not until the Soviet Union officially fell decades

Business Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Business Project - Essay Example It is also seen that a retailer should also take care of their own end of the process. For instance, it can be a good idea for a retailer such as Walmart to make sure that their fleet are efficient and drivers trained to reduce fleet idle time. The case analysis part looks at the things that Walmart has done to make sure that their supply chain is sustainable. At this stage their shortcomings are also discussed. However, at the conclusion it is concluded that despite the fact that there are a number of things that Walmart has not done, the sustainability of their supply chain has significantly improved over the past decade. There are a number of recommendations made on how Walmart can further enhance the sustainability of their supply system. Walmart Inc. is an American multinational company that runs a chain of warehousestore and department stores. The company’s headquarters is in Bentonville, Arkansas. By revenue, Walmart is considered to be the largest company in the world. It is also believed to be among the top private employer in the world with a record of more than 2 million employees. The company has more than 11000 stores in 27 countries. The company uses different names in different countries. In the US the company is known as Walmart. In Mexico it is known as Walmart de Mà ©xico y Centroamà ©rica. In the UK Walmart uses the name Asda, while in Japan and India it uses the names Seiyu and Best Price respectively. Walmart is controlled by the Walton family who own 50% of the company. Walmart is considered to be the largest retailer of grocery products in the US. The operations of Walmart in the US are categorized into retail formats namely: Walmart Supercenter, Walmart Discount Stores, Walmart Neighborhood Market, Supermercado de Walmart, and Walmart Express. Walmart Discount Stores carry general merchandise and various groceries. Many of them also have pharmacies,

The Easycar Company Report Essay Example for Free

The Easycar Company Report Essay The Easycar company like any other business venture with an aim of maximizing profit, is been faced with the normal business environment. Achievement of the profit goal of such business involves diagnosing problems and making forward movement in improving its performance. The company has taken off smartly with attraction of many customers and still at a competitive market in Europe: Although it monopolizes in the use of a single type of vehicle at the start in each of its location, it’s a smart move to its management though such service monopoly may far outweigh the different customer requirements. It has a high quality mode of booking which to the management serves as a first hand system though it may have different inconsistencies of been expensive despite its mission to offer a cheap transport service. Therefore, it should diversify such a method to include other methods like counter booking. Easycar is however, been faced with it bureaucratic mode of administration in its financial authorities about customers getting the service. It has many unstable car service charge requirements which are often changing depending on the nature type time and other illogical requirements. Although such attentions are taken to ensure the best business fit in this competitive environment; this compromises the effectiveness of quality service delivery. Rather than providing a cheap service, costs of such services are becoming too expensive. It’s important that the company streamlines the cost of services delivery to become cheap to the customers. Perhaps the other companies are doing better, because of their diversification in agency and intermediaries. To Easycar, however, doing the business directly on its own is seen as its best solution for growth and expansion. Like the other companies in this industry, Easy car should also aim at diversifying its customer’s targets and increasing the range of its vehicles. Perhaps it would even achieve its motive not by its one car service monopoly and strict destinations but by diversification in such areas. Though it has the intention of providing high quality car services and improve the growth of the company, but such maximum profit may not be recognized by the use of these too expensive mercedes cars which require high capital input. The system of car renting by its own depicts and wide range of inconsistencies, where its policies are changing without regard to any specific regulations. It thus forms a basis of inconveniences to the customers where customers have to keep mobility in the change of regulations about the renting and its charges. It’s important that the company maintains stability in renting management otherwise this would be a gate pass to customer inconvenience Problems facing the company Easycar is challenged by a number of problems. The company’s mission can only be attained subject to the address of these problems that highly inhibits its performance. Firstly, the company is renting only one type of car, which is at a high risk of service monopoly. Either, these cars are too expensive which implies that low customer requirement may not be met. The company is operated directly through direct internet or company phone service for its booking. However other companies in the industry are using intermediaries and broker agents. Perhaps this is a key contribution to these companies success. These agents and intermediaries can function to promote to reach many customers. It’s not optimally exploiting its resources where it’s not leasing all its parking spaces. Some spaces are found vacant when most of the cars have been rent during the day. Either it has not optimally exploited opening new sites where more locations can be opened by hiring smaller staff, driving fan to the location and adding these locations to company’s website. The company depicts a broad range of booking inconsistencies where time of service is determined at booking. The rental prices are charged at times of picking. The system also require many customer requirements are unrealistic (Printed copy of contract and a credit card) There is delay in picking up of vehicles where a customer can even spend 30 minutes waiting for processing of transactions and receiving their vehicles. This was due to the low staff level who cannot give service adequately. The contract of picking up a car involves too expensive cost of a refundable fee upon fulfilling the service requirements of the car contract. This would have perhaps, passively challenged some customers who for reasons could not manage to afford this refundable contract fee. Empty fueled vehicles are still a problem which would lead to further customer inconveniences in fueling the tanks. Also there were many requirements regarding the return back level of cars fuel. Since customers are to drive for them this would have highly inconvenienced customers who never knew some places despite provided with a map. Either non-driver was totally limited to this service since a customer was to drive the car for himself. The cleaning car policy before returning was a big drawback of inconvenience to customers. This was an inhibitor in the service rendering of this company. Otherwise the previous higher cost levy without regard to cleaning the car was far economical than the penalty levy to the customer when they returned the car dirty. The stringent strictness in the number of kilometers the car traveled at the renting period worked to demoralize some of the customers. Booking of the cars itself constituted a range of expenses, where using the phone system was charged â‚ ¬0. 95 a minute for a call and â‚ ¬5 for using credit card. Inconsistent levy for returning the car late was a problem. Mismanagement in the high cost of advertising had no economies of scale. It even chose to double its marketing effort to â‚ ¬3million in 2003 in featuring the founder of the company Justification of the problem facing company The company was established to provide the same type of car service in all its locations across its markets. It had signed a contract with the General Motor Show to purchase 5000 A-class Mercedes cars which cost the company over â‚ ¬6. million . Its mission was to use brand new Mercedes cars in the same way that easy jet uses brand new Boeing aircraft. By 2002, its fleets consisted of 6000mercedes A-class vehicles across 18 sites The company operated directly through its website and phone system and never transacted with any intermediaries or agents. Its entire sites were manned by its employees. However, the other car companies operated with agents and intermediaries which helped to have a broad catchments area for its customers. Example, companies like the sixt, Eurocars, Avis and Hertz targeted both vocational and business travelers and offered a wide range vehicles for rent. Despite the fact that Easycars where rented 90 percent of the time, only 15-20 spaces were required at an average, with a fleet of 150 cars. It could still open other locations by hiring less staff adding locations to its website and driving a van to its location. Booking prices usually changed with time and space. Customers who picked their cars early in the morning were paying more then those who picked the cars late in the day or at busy times. Processing the booking also required many requirements where customers were supposed to produce a copy of contract credit card. It also involved a long process of new customer’s identification. (Kirkegaad, 1997) Customers were highly delayed in picking up vehicles. This could go as long as 30 minutes and the company staff are described as been slow. To pick a car, a customer was made to put down a refundable contract fee of â‚ ¬80 before signing and moving away with the car. Customers were also expected to maintain the fuel tank at a level. Empty or less tanks were charged a fuelling fee of â‚ ¬16. The employee in charge would investigate and if finds the low-fuel indicator, the customer was supposed to pay this low fuel levy. The office of the Fair Trading (OFT) accused the Easycar Company as not been a transport company because its customers drove for themselves unlike other transport companies. However, the management of the company had filed a suit of appeal in the court that its service system was to ensure a low price to its customers. Such case was even to reduce the companies plan for the 2004 IPQ. At the beginning the policy required that customers were to pay â‚ ¬11 at booking for preparation of the car. However, the new policies required customers to maintain the car clean or pay the cleaning levy. The company provided customers with maps showing car washing points which could however inconvenience the customers very much. A customer was only supposed to drive 100 kilometers per day and any additional kilometer was charge a rate of â‚ ¬0. 12 per kilometer. Above this, customers were required to return the cars on time. Returning the car late imposed an instant charge of â‚ ¬120 and a subsequent â‚ ¬120 for every 24 hour period if the car was not returned. To book a car by itself was a problem which cost â‚ ¬0. 95 a minute for a call and â‚ ¬5 for using credit card. Customer was also charged a â‚ ¬16 charge fee if they wanted to change their booking. The company advertising system comprised of a mismanaged system where advertising was made in an abrupt manner and using very local methodologies. Offering the mercedes cars only, may be too costly for some customers who perhaps may not afford its cost. Either, expansions of its market may serve to attract a diverse number of customers with different service requirement. Rather than to dwell, on only some few stations it should seek to expand its markets like the other companies. This is aimed at reducing any monopolistic effects of dwelling on only few markets. (Write, Robbie, 1999) If possible, the company should seek to merge with other companies in order to diversify its resource mobilization. Through such merges, the company can have more bargaining power in the industry attracting a better income share from the market. Either, through merging, there is diversification in the company risks. This helps to ensure that, any possible losses do not fall on the shoulders of one company but rather shared between the parties. Trough merging, greater inventions and business market researches can help them to perform better than one company. By sharing of resources, brings about greater economies of scale which help to run the business at relatively lower costs. This is because market researches can be done for one business expenses such as advertisements, consultant and market research can be done for one business which constitutes many business. (Sunden, Stratton, 2006) The company can choose to improve its technology as a way of improving its business. Firstly, technology implies quicker service delivery, efficiency and more consistent. Either, improving technology has a lower cost to business performance at the long run trend of business cycles. This implies that, it will cost less for high technologies business after it has attained cost-benefit equilibrium. It should use better technology in its customer service provision where lower time is taken in processing the customer requirement before picking the car. Its mode of advertising still lags behind as a developed system which can influence more customers, where it uses posters at different stations. Such mode of advertisement needs improvement probably to use television or internet. Due to the company’s extensive business transactions, it should improve on its database system to enable faster processing, identification of customers and improving efficiency in monitoring its financial transactions. (Gutterman, 1994) Improvement in its human resource capital, where more qualified staff should be employed. The problems of slow service to customer by the company workers can only be improved by employing more qualified workers. This improves efficiency in the company’s operations. Above all, the company should also re-structure its mode of operations where a customer is let to drive for himself and employ its driver. This can lead to a better service provision. (Lipsy, Chrystal, 1997) The company costing system is faced with many bureaucracies where charging prices of services without rigidities to permanent regulations. Such costing methods need to be revised so that there is simplicity in pay requirement of a customer picking a car. Broadly, it should maintain simpler terms of service costs that should seek to even attract more customers. There is a diverse immobility in customer payment to their service delivery. Either, the company can monitor its expensive mode of its operations to achieve more profit. Basically, it spends a lot of money in purchasing its cars where there are still alternative of other cheaper cars. It solely dwells on one type of expensive car. Costing regulations should be emended to secure lesser company expenses and earn more profit. High costs of business operation are also revealed by its mode of advertising and booking which tend to be too costly for both the business and the customers. The business can therefore achieve its mission through amendments of its cost variable. (Bjerke, 1999) From one perspective the business is doing well, with good service provision. Therefore the business can still continue its operation in the same standard manner it is operating in. Since it seen improving, and opening even more branches, it implies that the business mission will still be achieved. It should seek to streamline its operations in line with its current system. However, the business should not be closed down. Since it depicts a continued and outstanding performance, closing such a business would be doing away with a prospective business entity. Since the former goals were to start a car industry, which is now expanding, it should be let to continue in its operations. (Warner, 2001) Either, the management should not seek the alternative of selling up the business. Perhaps, selling such a business which is acquiring such a good expansion would even earn the company lesser profit than if let to operate.

Diversity And Equality In Workplace Commerce Essay

Diversity And Equality In Workplace Commerce Essay According to the Yearbook of Statistics Singapore 2012, the main ethnic group in Singapore consisting of Singapore Residents and Permanent Residents are Chinese, Malays, Indians and Others. Figure Statistics for Ethnic Groups in Singapore (June 2011) Under Part IV, Act 12 of the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, stated that 12.-(1) All persons are equal before the law and entitled to the equal protection of the law. (2) Except as expressly authorised by this Constitution, there shall be no discrimination against citizens of Singapore on the ground only of religion, race, descent or place of birth in any law or in the appointment to any office or employment under a public authority or in the administration of any law relating to the acquisition, holding or disposition of property or the establishing or carrying on of any trade, business, profession, vocation or employment. Diversity and equality in workplace are important to maintain a safe and comfortable working environment for all. Diversity Diversity is generally defined as acknowledging, understanding, accepting, valuing, and celebrating differences among people with respect to age, class, ethnicity, gender, physical and mental ability, race, sexual orientation, spiritual practice, and public assistance status (Esty, et al., 1995). Each individual person comes with the visible and non-visible differences and through respecting the dissimilarities would make each of them feel valued for their efforts which is valuable not only for the individual but for the organization. Equality Equality can be described as breaking down barriers, eliminating discrimination and ensuring equal opportunity and access for all groups both in employment, and to goods and services; the basis of which is supported and protected by legislation. Universal Declaration of Human Rights adopted by the UN General Assembly states that All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. Some other definitions of Equality are: Equality is simply a quest for sameness in all aspects of social life. (Dunleavy, 1989) Equally talented people have an equal chance of attaining them fair equality of opportunity' (Sachs, 2011) However, due to the face that there is no correct or one specific definition of equality, there are many limitations to the policies being implemented. Equality can cover over a broad area such as gender rights, age, race, culture, religion, beliefs and etc. Importance Importance of Diversity Diversity in the workplace can reduce lawsuits and increase marketing opportunities, recruitment, creativity, and business image (Esty, et al., 1995) However, when an organization focuses only on results and ignoring the importance of having a diverse team, communication and trust can break down, resulting in lower performance. Importance of Equality It is important to have equality policies enforce in workplace to ensure that all employees have the same rights as each other regardless of any differences in gender, age, religion, language and disability. Equality will also create a more favorable environment by promoting a à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦ as they are given equal opportunities to improve themselves. Limitations Limitations towards diversity policies According to (Mayhew, Demand Media), the challenges related to receptiveness to training and prioritizing hiring decisions based on diversity can transform those challenges into disadvantages. Negative behaviors and attitudes can be barriers to organizational diversity because they can damage working relationships and bring down morale and work productivity (Esty, et al., 1995). Workplace diversity creates opportunities for organizations to get a wider perspective on business situations and to improve global reach, but it does often create some negative impacts in the company (Kokemuller, Demand Media). Common negative impacts arise are: Unresolved Conflict Staff that comes from different cultural and backgrounds have dissimilar perspectives and opinions in handling issues or concerns that emerges. An incapability to observe where the other person is arriving from can forbid effective resolution of conflicts. When employees feel that they cannot reach to an agreement in conflict, the tendency to give up and simply let ill feelings fester can create a pessimistic behaviour. Poor Communication If an organization has employees from different backgrounds with different languages, communication can prove to be difficult. However, a number of filters can forbid meaningful and clear communication between staff and employees. It is vital that organizations educate employees on cultural differences in the attempt to encourage them to freely converse their diverse viewpoints on things as opposed to generating conflict. Turnover A considerable bottom line result of poor management of diversity is the case of high turnover as they are displeased with the working environment. The replacing of employees lost to feelings of discontent is expensive as the organization has to pay to hire and teach replacements. Businesses will risks losing top talents to rivals unless the organization makes available a safe and inspiring culture where employees from diverse backgrounds are treated fairly. Limitations towards equality differences Although having equality among employees, the organization may still find it difficult to establish a perfect equality workplace for all. There are limitations in having equal opportunities due to internal and external factors. Poor Implementation Lack of awareness of the laws being executed can lead to poor implementation by organization and the managers. Poor implementation can also be attributed to the presences of deeply ingrained negative attitudes and gender stereotypes, which cannot be uprooted through legislation alone. (Spehar, 2011) Limited implementation can happen due to the development of bureaucratic responses that focus only to comply with the duty rather than removing the inequality in question. Lack of support Managing equality in the Organization cannot be carried out by the Organization and managers alone. In addition, with the lack of support from the Government, weak equal treatment bodies, shortcomings in judiciary together with the lack of support from the Organization itself, where there are no consensus, no single position being defended or attacked; it is difficult for equality policies to be carried out. Lack of clarity The lack of clarity can lead to confusion among the employee. If the Organization does not successfully and clearly communicate their equality policies or the definitions of equality, and without the proper identification of what kind of equality is desirable, equality of whom all of humanity or members of particular political society it can bring the whole equality agenda into disrepute. The lack of general agreement of equality can cause employee to be uninterested in equality within their communities. Religion and Beliefs Many religion and beliefs exist in an Organization for e.g. Christianity, Buddhist, Jewish, Communism, Marxism, and Socialism. Although some may understand religion in a more communal and cultural way, there are others that are not particularly agreeable to the idea of equality. Some religion might be hostile to equality on grounds of sex and sexual orientations, believing that men should enjoy headship over women, homosexuality is sinful. (Vickers, 2011) This can be problematic as well. Discrimination or disadvantage can be experienced regardless of individual beliefs, because of group identity18. (Vickers, 2011) Different values in equality S. Temkin (2011) stated that many argue for equality and in so doing think of themselves as opposing non-egalitarianism because they favour significant redistribution from the better- to worst off. The reasons they have for favouring such redistribution vary markedly, and may have nothing to do with a concern for equality itself. Managers can get confused with the meaning of equality and therefore think that the action they carry out will be beneficial to the employees where in actual fact, they might be doing the wrong thing. Lack of proper training The types of training method taught will affect the way managers react in situations. They might be unaware of the complexity of the issue and are uncertain on how to deal with it as they may not be trained using a variety of situations. Population Size The size of the population affected by the policy of equality matters due to the fact that more parties involve means more attention needs to be given to each individual. A complete equality is difficult to attain in a society that is marked by diversity is that people in such a society come attached to groups. This can result in difficulty to maintain both individual equality and group equality. (Kukathas, 2002) Lack of positive messages from senior level within the authority Even if the Organization has a policy on equality, it would be deem useless if there is no positive influence from the senior management with positive commitment to equality in practice. Culture of Organization Different Organization has different cultures. These cultures will affect how equality is being implemented internally. Is the Organization culture a heavily masculine workplace culture or feminine collaboration culture? This can have an effect on some managers that are genuinely interested in becoming more equal with the other groups in society, but are hampered by its very nature of cultural structure. Presence of Diversity Diversity presents a serious problem for equality. The existence of diversity is not only inescapable, but also reflective of the fact that people pursue the good life collectively but in different ways, not all of which value equality in the same way, or at all. If diversity is to be accepted, then equality must be abandoned as the situation might become too complex. (Kukathas, 2002) Obstacles Obstacles resulting from diversity policies For policies to be effectual in promoting the acceptance of workforce diversity by the company it is required to understand the obstacles to its implementation for diversity. CESS (2003) suggests that, with the other forms of investment into new human resource policies, there will be two groups of implementations to workforce diversity policies: Internal obstacles they are distinct to individual organizations and developed from attitudinal, institutional, cultural, and historic elements within individual enterprises. In spite of this, many groups of organizations may face the same types of obstacles. Its been identified that there are some internal obstacles which have the possibility to prevent the implementations of diversity policies within individual organizations Awareness among managers there may be some who lacks the knowledge of the business advantages of a diversity workforce and the implementation to make changes to be effective. Attitudes within some organizations there may have negative behaviors towards the emergence of a diverse workforce in the midst of significant groups of staff or managers. This may reflect on a wider resistance to all major changes in the context of HR processes and policies. Additionally, there may be already well-established work cultures that create indirect discrimination and which employees are unwilling to change. Economics there may be apparent economic reasons that affects why some businesses are unwilling to invest in the establishment of a diversity workforce. On the other hand, furthermore disadvantage of investing in diversity programs is that intangibles are significantly more difficult to manage than tangible assets. Thus, these obstacles make it difficult to measure benefits and therefore to undertake traditional investment evaluation processes. Resources some organizations lacks the key resources necessary to implement changes required to emerge a diversity workforce. Such resources include monetary cash, management time, managerial experiences, external advices, and the leadership and competence of senior managers. External obstacles these are developed from regional or national factors, such as the institutional networks, attitudes/culture, and regulatory components. They affect large groups of organizations in similar ways. The implementation of diversity workforce policies by organizations may serve complications to accomplish because of wider and broad attitudinal and cultural factors in certain countries or regions. Potential causes include national cultures that concentrate on the incorporation of ethnic groups rather than on the acceptance of multi-culturalism. 3.2 Obstacles resulting from diversity policies (Maybe can put in point form like Ben and add a few more points?) There are a few obstacles leading from the implementation of equality policies. Firstly, the Organization may feel obligated to hire someone of different race and gender even though their skills or talent may not be ideal for the Organization. This is to ensure an equal number of individuals from each race or ethnicity. Secondly, due to the fact that there are many equality laws or policies being passed, employees might feel that the Government or Organization is trying to intrude in their working lives to ensure workplace equality. What is to be done? Diversity An application to provide support to the process of implementation of diversity management in organizations is by adopting the diversity management setup (diversityatwork.net). It provides support in two main ways: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ It details a 5 phase procedure on how to implement a diversity management program in the organization; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ the setup support for each of the action to carry out during the implementation of a diversity management program in the organization. It is best to regard the development of diversity management policy in the organization as an assignment or project. It is vital to establish support for the project, analyze the requirements and opportunities, developing own solutions and then implement the project as it progresses. The setup provides the organization with a set of methods, information and skills which have been created to simplify the process of a diversity management implementation. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phase 1 Given the lack of awareness of diversity management, it is fundamental that the diversity management project is inserted into the mainstream of the organizational activities as smooth as possible. Additionally, setting up the procedure should include using the best practices from project management skills. These approaches are demonstrated in the four activities of this phase Campaigning support and determining potential stakeholders, examine the degree of the problem, establishing diversity management structures and attaining agreement on taking place with the process. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phase 2 This phase is essential to the diversity management project as it establishes the current practices and the problems and opportunities in the organization for managing diversity. The success of this phase depends on factors, which most important of these is the participation of employees. To ensure participation, they need to be well briefed about the project and its actions, the reason that it is being undertaken and how will they stand to benefit from it. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phase 3 In this phase, solutions are being generated to tackle problems and opportunities known in the previous phase. The objectives of this phase is to evaluate the problems and needs that has been identified and to use creative skills to suggest a set of solutions which are then prioritized and established into a diversity management plan. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phase 4 This phase manages issues that are related to implementing diversity management activities in the organization. With the diversity management program plan developed in the previous phase, the team is required to decide which activities to be financed and to start developing during the initial year of the implementation program. It should be clear what the aims and objectives are and how to meet them, who is going to do what, when and how. Encouraging employees for participation and to deal with possible resistance during implementation must also be put into consideration. à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Phase 5 The activities undertaken during this phase the monitoring and evaluation of the diversity management project provides the foundation for assessing the overall value of the project and for making necessary recommendations for changes in the future. Monitoring the phases would allow the user to moderate how well the activities worked in that phase, while results from the evaluation exercise are helpful in providing feedbacks to employees and management on the difficulties and successes faced in the project. Alternative Approaches Another approach towards implementation of diversity management is the transformative approach (Cockburn, 1991) which is required to challenge organisational structures, therefore enabling diverse perspectives to influence organisational activity (Bendick et al., 2001). This will resemble an effective and learning approach where both the differentiation and integration of individuals is acknowledged (Thomas and Ely, 1996), thus identifying value in bringing differences together to generate continuous development. However, diversity literature puts slight emphasis on the distinction between legislative knowledge and the knowledge of putting legislations into practice. Briefly, knowledge that is easily quantifiable and can be stored is regularly termed as hard knowledge and the knowledge which is less quantifiable and cannot be easily stored is referred as soft knowledge (Hildreth and Kimble, 2002). One of the possibilities highlighted as being a method through which the diverse perspectives and soft knowledge in the workforce can be coupled is by the use of informal staff networking, which generates interactions and provides the organisation with a mechanism within which to generate improvements as well as new initiatives and ideas (Kandola, 2004). CASE STUDY NTUC FairPrice Food and Service How FairPrice have been successful in implementing diversity and equality policies in workplace. CASE STUDY 1: NTUC FAIRPRICE (Food and Service) From a single supermarket in Toa Payoh, FairPrice has grown to become one of Singapores leading retailers, with more than 100 supermarkets, 7000 employees and 2.8 million customers per week. FairPrice also operate in 6 different store formats (FairPrice Supermarkets, FairPrice Finest, FairPrice Xtra, FairPrice Xpress, Cheers and FairPrice Online), a Fresh Food Distribution Centre and a centralised warehousing and distribution company, Global Logistics of Singapore Pte Ltd. Beyond Singapore, FairPrice has also recently entered into a joint venture to open a hypermarket chain in Vietnam. Workplace Equality A number of commitments shape a Great Workplace agenda. Looking into one of the commitment where FairPrice promotes workplace equality: Promoting an open communications culture to support a tolerant workplace free from discrimination with regard to gender, race, ethnicity, religion, disabilities, age, marital status and social background As one of the leading supermarkets in Singapore, FairPrice wants to be the Best Place to Shop and the Best Place to Work. This commitment stated shows that FairPrice values workplace equality and wants their staff to be aware that they will not allow any discrimination. And by doing so, they can achieve a harmonious working environment. FairPrice believes that if they work in a desirable environment, their employees will be motivated and inspired, leading them to deliver professionalism and teamwork when working, and most importantly creating a customer focus team. With the commitments kept in mind, FairPrice proved themselves by achieving the most number of awards at the National Excellent Service Award (EXSA)  [1]  for 3 years straight (2009-2011). This can only be possible when FairPrice creates an excellent working environment and treating each employee equally. This will inspire more employees to aim for the best when they work. Workplace Diversity FairPrice believe that their stores should reflect the communities they serve, and that included the people who work there. The diversity policy that FairPrice enforced in their workplace strives their employee to work hard. The management looks into recruitment, language training and flexible working practices in particular, to ensure that all employees have the same opportunity to succeed with us regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, religion, disabilities, age, marital status or social background. Shown in the diagrams below are ways in which FairPrice manage diversity in their company: FairPrice hires staff from all four major ethnic groups from Singapore and kept a balance of full-timers and part-timer in their company. Moreover, 90% of the workforce consist of Singaporeans, leaving10% opportunity open to foreign workers and the company also emphasizes on gender equality. Active Aging project Of particular note is FairPrice effort in recruiting seniors aged 60 and above as Customer Relations Officers (CROs) at some of the stores in conjunction of its newly launched Active Aging Project. By launching this project, FairPrice aims to promote a more active lifestyle for those aged over 60. These CROs main role is to assist customers with their needs or enquiries, or simply chat with the customers to gather feedback and suggestions. Seah Kian Peng, chief executive of FairPrice, believes that seniors have very good skills, and by staying active they are able to use their time meaningfully and added that older workers are ideal employees because they offer stability and experience. This project that FairPrice launched, shows that they are willing to accept employee regardless of age and promotes diversity and equal working opportunities for everyone. CASE STUDY anf Retail Abercrombie Fitch failure to manage diversity well within the organization. Case Study 2: Abercrombie Fitch (Retail Industry) Abercrombie Fitch, an American clothing retailer which focuses on casual wear targets mainly consumers aged 18-22 has more than 700 stores in the States and has been expanding its market internationally. The management team responsible for the implementation of the diversity policy to ensure that equal treatments are being addressed in the organization only focus on employing a diverse workforce but pay little attention when coming to the application of the diversity policy. Below are 2 examples of Abercrombie Fitch incapability of diversity management. Example 1 In 2009, Riam Dean, a 22 year old who was born without a left forearm sued Abercrombie Fitch for disability discrimination after being told not work on the shop floor unless she took off the cardigan as she was breaking the firms look policy. Being excluded from her main job role which requires her to be on the shop floor due to her disability simply shows discrimination from the company towards Riam. The tribunal has found in Riams favour on Abercrombie and Fitch harassment and failure to make reasonable adjustments towards her. Riam won the disability claim of  £8,013 against the company for loss of earnings and wrongful dismissal. http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/woman-with-prosthetic-arm-forced-to-work-out-of-sight-in-storeroom-1718041.html Example 2 In a 2004 lawsuit  Gonzà ¡lez v. Abercrombie Fitch, the company was accused of discriminating against African Americans, Latinos, Asian Americans, and women by preferentially offering floor sales positions and store management positions to the whites and men. Abercrombie Fitch agreed to the settlement of the class case suit which not only requires the company to pay up to $40 million and also to set up a range of policies and actions required to promote diversity among its workforce and to prevent discrimination based on race, gender, nationality or physical disability. Below are some of the initiatives that Abercrombie Fitch have to comply to promote diversity within the company; Abercrombie marketing materials will reflect diversity by including members of minority racial and ethnic groups. Advertising of available positions in publications targeting minorities of both genders. Benchmarks for hiring and promotion of women, Latinos, African Americans, and Asian Americans. These benchmarks are goals, rather than quotas, and Abercrombie will be required to report on its progress toward these goals at regular intervals. A new Office and Vice President of Diversity, responsible for reporting to the CEO on Abercrombies progress toward fair employment practices. Equal Employment Opportunity and Diversity Training for all employees with hiring authority http://www.afjustice.com/index.htm Abercrombie Fitchs legal cases of discrimination had resulted in unfair treatment in the workplace and requirement process. The cases dictate that people with same qualification do not get the job at Abercrombie Fitch because of their physical outlooks, race or gender and this may hinder the companys competitive advantage over its competitors as talents of the diverse population are not being utilised due to the lack of enforcement on diversity management. However, since the start of the initiative, Abercrombie Fitch has made significant focus on diversity and inclusion; Diversity and inclusion are key to our organizations success. We are determined to have a diverse culture, throughout our organization, that benefits from the perspective of each individual. As of April 30th, 2010, vase improvement in the diversity of the in-store staff can be seen; The in-store workforce, as a whole is 50.22% people of color, The in-store models are 48.44% people of color, The in-store managers-in-training are 41.04% people of color. http://sg.abercrombie.com/anf/careers/diversity.html People in general has very broad range of differences in their needs and an interest that needs to be managed well hence treating everyone the same way may not work to avoid the conflict. Therefore it is important that the management not only needs to be aware of what diversity is about but also managing diversity and equality well in an organization in order help to tackle the issue on the fair treatments and discrimination at work place. Lastly, organizations that are able to manage the workforce diversity well will have a competitive edge as they are able to maximize the potential of the team through their diverse talent and background. As stated by Terence Swee, the chief executive of Muvee Technologies; You need to be made of the world to sell to the world. Terence Swee, Chief executive officer of Muvee Technologies (Singapore-based Software Company) : http://www.mom.gov.sg/employment-practices/Pages/WDM.aspx (DONT KNOW IF THIS PART IS RELEVANT, IF ITS NOT JUST REMOVE K THANKS) (: What can be done by companies to ensure that diversity and equality is not only being preach but also practice at the workplace? Management needs to put in place necessary channels to enable employees to raise any concerns regarding unfair treatments or discrimination so that necessary actions towards unfair treatment can be rectify. Support from management to implement the right practices. Reduce workplace tension that arises from the different demographics of employees by not limiting benefits to any one particular group. Ensure that management role has a clear understanding on what managing diversity is about in order to promote equality in the workplace. Diversity and equality must be lodged in the heart of any organization serious about implementing the policy. As Ng and Burke (2005) states that the best educated and most able are attracted to an environment that embodies diversity and equality. Therefore, company should implement and follow-thru the diversity and equality policies in order to ensure that equal opportunity exists for everyone. Diversity and equality training and education play an important role in avoiding potential failure of diversity initiatives, Wentling (2004). REFERENCING Anderson and Metcalfe. (2005). Managing diversity: linking theory and practice to business performance. Available: http://www.cipd.co.uk/hr-resources/research/managing-diversity-business-performance.aspx Last accessed 7th Aug 2012. Badici, Emil. (2011). Standards of Equality and Humes View of Geometry. Pacific Philosophy Quarterly . 92 (1), p448-467. Bendick, M. Jr, Egan, M.L. and Lofhjelm, S.M. (2001), Workforce diversity training: from anti-discrimination compliance to organizational development, Human Resource Planning, Vol. 24 No. 2, pp. 10-25. Centre for Strategy Evaluation Services . (2003). Methods and Indicators to Measure the CostEffectiveness of Diversity Policies in Enterprises. Available: http://edz.bib.uni-mannheim.de/daten/edz-ath/gdem/03/cbfullrep_en.pdf Last accessed 8 Aug 2012. Cockburn, C. (1991), In the Way of Women: Mens Resistance to Sexual Equality in Organizations, Macmillan, London. Dunleavy, Patrick. (1989). The Concept of Equality in Policy Analysis. Journal of Theoretical Politics. 1 (2), p213-248. Hildreth, P.M. and Kimble, C. (2002), The duality of knowledge, Information Research, Vol. 8 No. 1, paper No. 142, available at: http://InformationR.net/ir/8-1/paper142.html (accessed 28 May 2010) Lawsuit  Gonzà ¡lez v. Abercrombie Fitch (2004) http://www.afjustice.com/index.htm Kandola, B. (2004), Skills development: the missing link in increasing diversity in leadership, Industrial Commercial Training, Vol. 36 No. 4, pp. 143-7. Kukathas, Chandran. (2002). Equality and diversity. Politics, Philosophy and Economics. 1 (2), p185-212. Ng, E.S.W. and Burke, R.J. (2005), Person-organization fit and the war for talent: does diversity management make a difference?, The International Journal of Human Resource Management, Vol. 16 No. 7, pp. 1195-211. Rawls, J. (1971). A theory of justice. Cambridge: The Belknap Press Riam Dean (2009) http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/woman-with-prosthetic-arm-forced-to-work-out-of-sight-in-storeroom-1718041.html S. Temkin, Larry. (2001). Inequality: A Complex, Individualistic, and Comparative Notion. Social, Political, and Legal Philosophy. 13 (11), p327-353. Sabrina Zolkifi. (2011). NTUC FairPrice Keeps Older Workers Active. Available: http://www.marketing- interactive.com/news/24824. Last accessed 15th Sept 2012. Singapore Government. (1965). CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF SINGAPORE. Available: http://statutes.agc.gov.sg/aol/search/display/v

Continuing Education: Market Driven or Student Centered? :: School Education Learning Essays

Continuing Education: Market Driven or Student Centered? One enduring controversy in continuing education is whether programs should be market driven. The controversy has some connection with the pervasive image of the marginality of continuing education in higher education as well as the concept that continuing education programs must be self-sustaining. As Edelson (1991) says, "This principle of having to pay its own way is the single most distinguishing feature of American continuing education today" (p. 19), adding that adult education is the most blatantly market-driven segment of education. At the heart of the controversy is the issue of whether "market driven" is necessarily antithetical to the principles and philosophy of adult learning. This publication looks at whether this is a misconception or a reality. The Case against Market Driven According to Beder (1992), successful market-driven programs must have "sufficient numbers of voluntary adult learners who are motivated to exchange enough of their time and money to yield the clients and fee income" needed to operate programs (p. 70). This need to target areas of high demand leads to what Beder sees as the primary problems of market-driven systems: (1) they perpetuate inequality by neglecting the needs of those less able to pay; (2) they may meet individual needs efficiently but not overarching social needs; and (3) they often displace educational benefit with profit as an overriding goal. Rittenburg (1984) agrees that the demands of the marketplace are not a sufficient foundation for continuing education: "The nature of aesthetic and ideological products is such that production to meet consumer demand is not an adequate framework" (p. 22) because such products have intrinsic value. Controversy over a market orientation for adult education programs is not a new issue. Edelson (1991) reviews the history of the Ford Foundation/Fund for Adult Education's Test Cities Project (1951-61), which sought to demonstrate that noncredit liberal adult education could and should pay for itself. Over time, this obsession with economic viability led to the sacrifice of small-group discussion forums to the need for economies of scale and formats that produced higher revenues (such as large lectures). The controversy crosses many fields. In social work, Laufer and Shannon (1993) describe how program quality, which requires long-term investment in lieu of short-term profit, can suffer when programs must pay as they go. They argue that quality should be "the bottom line below the bottom line" (p.

Characters and Themes in Richard Wrights Black Boy Essays -- Wright B

Characters and Themes in Black Boy The novel, Black Boy is Richard Wright's autobiographical account of his life beginning with his earliest memories and ending with his departure for the North at age nineteen. In Black Boy, Wright tells of an unsettled family life that takes him from Natchez, Mississippi, to Memphis, Tennessee, back to Jackson, Mississippi, then to Arkansas, back again to Mississippi, and finally to Memphis once more, where he prepares for his eventual migration to Chicago. Most critics agree that Black Boy is a highly selective account, more selective than the term "record" in its subtitle suggests. At the time Wright wrote Black Boy, he was already an accomplished author of fiction. He had published a collection of short stories called Uncle Tom's Children and the highly successful novel Native Son. Wright chose carefully the experiences he includes in Black Boy, the ones he highlights, and the tone in which he writes about them. Many readers even think that he invents some of the incidents. Most agree, however, that Wright crafts his autobiography for the precise impact he wants. Of course, the central character of Black Boy is young Richard Wright. To distinguish between this young character and the author looking back on him many years later and even occasionally inventing incidents about him, this guide follows the standard practice of referring to the former as "Richard" and the latter as "Wright." Wright presents Richard&... ...ight had originally wanted the book to describe his life in Chicago as well, but his publisher decided only to accept the Southern portion. As a result, the book becomes in part an indictment of the South and of its oppressiveness toward blacks.

Unit 9 Impact of Diet on Health

Diet variations at different lifestages (P1, M1 & D1) All human beings require certain essential nutrients in order to survive. The concept of a healthy, balanced diet is to eat a wide variety of foods because all foods contain different nutrients therefore the wider the variety eaten, the more nutrients provided. A balanced diet consists of seven main groups of food which are described below. Components of a healthy diet: Protein CarbohydratesFats Vitamins Minerals Fibre Water |Nutrient |Where found |Purpose | |proteins |Meat, fish, eggs, milk, cheese, nuts, cereals, |Proteins promote growth and they are also essential for the | | |tofu and beans |replacement and renewal of body cells.They are essential for | | | |everyone and must be eaten everyday | |Carbohydrates |Sugar, potatoes, bread, rice, flour, cereals, |Carbohydrates, also known as starches, are used by the body to | | |pasta, some root vegetables such as yams and |provide energy and heat. They are essential to provide and | | |sweet potatoes |energy source, but if they are eaten to xcess they will be | | | |stored as fat | |Fats |Butter, margarine, cooking oil, dripping, meat |Fats are a very concentrated source of heat and energy, but if | | |fat, cream, soured cream, milk, cheese, egg yolks|they are eaten to excess they will be stored by the body in the| | | |adipose layer just beneath the skin.Fish and seed oils such | | | |as linseed or olive oil, can help to protect against heart | | | |disease | |Vitamin A |Liver, fish oils, milk, butter, eggs and cheese |Protects from infection and contributes to growth.Lack of | | |and can be made by the body from carotene which |vitamin A can cause eye problems | | |is found in carrots, tomatoes and green | | | |vegetables | | |Vitamin B |Cereals, liver, yeast and nuts |This is a large group of complex vitamins, all of which are | | | |essential for maintaining good skin. Lack of vitamin B may be | | | |responsible for some diseases of the nervous system | |Vitamin C |Citrus fruits, strawberries, potatoes and some |Must be taken each day as it cannot be stored.Lack of vitamin| | |green vegetables |C can cause scurvy, a disease that causes bleeding in the gums | | | |and is very serious. People who have a lack of vitamin C are | | | |more prone to coughs and colds | |Vitamin D |Eggs and fish oils and made by the body when the |Vitamin D enables calcium to be absorbed to strengthen and | | |skin is exposed to sunlight |develop bones and teeth.A severe shortage of vitamin D will | | | |lead to rickets, a deforming disease seen in children whose | | | |bones do not develop adequately | |Vitamin E |Wheatgerm, cereals, egg yolk. Liver and milk |This helps to prevent cell damage and degeneration | |Minerals |A wider range of minerals are essential for |Iron is important for the formation of red blood cells and a | | |health and are found in eggs, cocoa, liver, baked|lack of iron can lead to anaemia. Calcium is used for | | |beans, cheese and milk |developing firm bones.Sodium is important for maintaining the| | | |fluid balance of the body, but an excess of sodium can be a | | | |contributory cause of oedema (fluid retention) | In addition to the nutrients in the above table, a good intake of fibre is recommended to prevent constipation and to help keep the gut healthy and approximately 2 litres of liquid should be drunk per day. This can take the form of water, fruit juice, tea, coffee (caffeine-free are preferred) and any type of non-alcoholic drink. This is to keep the body hydrated and help flush out any toxins that may be present. Other benefits include clearer skin and a healthy mind.It is important for the health and well-being of individuals that they eat a balanced diet. This is to ensure that their nutritional needs are being met. These needs vary at different lifestages as described below: Infancy (0-3 years) Calorie intake:515 up to 3 months and 1165 at 3 years of age (female) 545 up to 3 months and 1230 at 3 years of age (male) At birth babies get their nutrition from milk, either breast or formula. Breast milk contains all the nutrients babies need in the correct amounts and, although it is low in iron and copper, the baby has enough of these stored until it starts eating solid food. It also contains antibodies to help fight infections and is easy to digest.Formula milk needs to be made up in specific concentrations to avoid damage to the kidneys and all equipment used, should be sterilised to prevent the risk of infection. Cow’s milk should not be given to babies under twelve months as it contains too much salt and protein and not enough iron and other nutrients to meet their needs. The introduction of solid food is called weaning and should start at about four months of age. Starting before this time may cause problems in later life such as allergies and obesity. Foods that should be gradually introduced include cereals, fruit and vegetables, egg yolk and finely minced meat . These should be purified or mashed as babies will not have all of their teeth at this stage.As the baby gets to 12 – 18 months they will be eating the same meals as the family but shouldn’t have any salt or sugar added to their food (maximum of 1g of salt a day is the recommended allowance and adding sugar will encourage a sweet tooth which could lead to tooth decay). Childhood (4 – 10 years) Calorie intake:1545 up to 4 years and 1740 at 10 years of age (female) 1715 up to 4 years and 1970 at 10 years of age (male) This is a period of lots of activity. The child is also growing fast at this stage and needs plenty of protein to encourage healthy growth and repair. They need the same amount of vitamins and minerals as adults so should be encouraged to eat fish, meat, eggs, potatoes, pasta, rice, fruit and vegetables.They should not be given many sweets, crisps, biscuits or fizzy drinks as the sugar in these products, has no nutritional value, only additional cal ories and this can lead to childhood obesity. A large intake of sugar will also lead to tooth decay. Adolescence (11 – 18 years) Calorie intake:1845 up to 11 years and 2110 at 18 years of age (female) 2220 up to 11 years and 2755 at 18 years of age (male) This is the lifestage that requires the most nutritional needs because the appetite increases and they are still growing. As well as eating sensibly, adolescents need to be encouraged to maintain a regular amount of physical activity and avoid eating too many sweets, crisps, etc.The energy given should be from sources such as rice, pasta, potatoes and bread rather from sugar-laden foods because although the sugar provides a rush of energy, it is packed with calories and the energy rush is short-lived therefore creating a craving for more sugar. Adulthood (19 – 65 years) Calorie intake:1940 up to 19 years and 1900 at 65 years of age (female) 2550 up to 19 years and 2380 at 65 years of age (male) During this lifestage t he nutritional needs reduce due to age. A healthy diet of complex carbohydrates (such as bread, potatoes, rice or pasta) and proteins (meat, fish, eggs, cheese, fruit and vegetables) should be eaten and sugary and fatty foods should be kept to a minimum. Regular physical activity should still be taken and alcohol should be limited because it adds calories to the diet.Pregnancy and breastfeeding require additional nutritional needs in order to provide nutrition for the baby. Contrary to popular belief, only an extra 200 calories are required in the last trimester of pregnancy followed by between 450 and 570 during breastfeeding. This is to give extra energy to the mother whilst carrying the baby and then to make the breast milk. Folic acid-rich foods or supplements are advised in the pregnancy planning stages as this will help prevent damage to the foetus, in particular, spina bifida. Later Adulthood (65+ years) Calorie intake:1900 at 65 and 1810 at 75+ years of age (female) 2330 at 65 and 2100 at 75+ years of age (male) As people age they become less mobile so energy requirements decrease.Appetite also decreases so it’s important for the diet to contain concentrated amounts of protein, vitamins and minerals. Gentle exercise should be encouraged. Taste buds become less efficient but adding extra flavouring to food in the form of salt should be avoided as it’s known to cause high blood pressure. The use of herbs and spices is a better alternative. The average calorific value at each lifestage has been included as a guide to show the energy requirements needed. As energy levels start to increase in childhood, so does the calorie level needed to maintain it. Energy is highest among adolescents and therefore they need more calories to even it out. If they have too few, they will lose weight and, of course, too many and they will gain weight.There are other factors to consider when deciding whether a person’s nutritional needs are being met, suc h as: †¢ The type of job a person does – someone doing a sedentary job will not have the same needs as a person who has a very active job. The latter will more than likely burn off excess energy therefore needing fewer calories †¢ Their likes and dislikes – many people don’t like either the look or the taste of some fruit and vegetables for example. Disguising it in a variety of dishes or perhaps cooking it an entirely different way could be a means to overcome this. Alternatives to meat should be found for non-meat eaters as protein is an essential part of any diet and a requirement for growth and repair. The level of exercise taken – a very active person’s needs will be higher than that of a non-active person so more nutrients will be needed for sustainability. †¢ The person’s health – someone suffering from high blood pressure will need to drastically cut back on salt or someone suffering from high cholesterol will n eed to cut back on fatty foods. †¢ The availability of food – undernutrition is caused when a diet is made up of mainly carbohydrates and not much protein or fats. This can occur in under-developed countries where lost harvests occur due to flooding, poor soil conditions or droughts. †¢ Religious or cultural decisions – the eating of certain meats is banned in some cultures therefore protein is need from other sources.The actual covering of the body may prevent girls from specific religious backgrounds, from receiving the necessary sunlight that could help keep the disease rickets away, so a diet high in vitamin D is required. Socio-economic influences on diet (P2) Religion/Culture Belonging to a specific religion or culture could influence the food that you eat. Buddists, for example, are vegetarian therefore don’t eat meat, poultry, game or fish. They do, however, eat eggs and dairy products but would still need to eat a varied diet and combine plant proteins to ensure they get the nutrients they need. Another example is the lack of iron in a traditional Asian diet.Iron is needed to form haemoglobin in red blood cells and lack of it could lead to anaemia therefore additional sources need to be found such as supplements or foodstuffs such as offal, bread, flour, cereal products, potatoes and vegetables. Social Class Generally, people from a higher social class have a more varied diet than those from lower ones. They tend to have more money to buy fresh fruit and vegetables and lean cuts of meat whereas the others have to make to with cheaper, processed food, thus affecting their health in the long term. Scientific research has clearly demonstrated that what and how much we eat profoundly affects growth, development, aging, and the ability to enjoy life to its fullest.Dietary intake and lack of exercise is linked to risks for development of a variety of common, chronic diseases that are disabling and life-threatening. (http://www . diagnose-me. com). The Media Information publicised on television, radio and in newspapers can have a tremendous impact on diet. A recent scare on a Bernard Matthew turkey farm led to up to a 30% drop in sales of his turkeys (http://news. bbc. co. uk/). This was due to bird flu being discovered on his Suffolk farm which prompted the culling of 160,000 birds. 200 staff were also laid off which could mean that their diets were affected because of lack of wages. Previous scares include the salmonella egg scare and the cjd scare, both having huge impact on sales of the product. Personal PreferenceSome people choose not to eat meat, fish, eggs or any animal products either because of their religion or culture or because they don’t agree with the killing of animals. In these cases protein, and any other missing nutrients, must be found in other sources. Personal taste will also influence the food a person eats because if they don’t like it, they won’t eat it! Availa bility of Food Undernutrition can be caused by a diet of mainly carbohydrates, which could be caused by poor soil conditions and lost harvests in developing countries. Overnutrition can be caused by having a good variety of food all year round but this would be found in developed countries where much of the food is home grown or air travel makes it easy to have it flown in.Living near to a supermarket would allow good availability of a wide variety of food as opposed to a small shop that wouldn’t have the same type of stock. Prices in supermarkets are also considerably lower than in local shops therefore making it possible to buy more healthily. Possible results of an unbalanced diet (P3, M2) A balanced diet should be made up of approximately 50% carbohydrates such as fruits, vegetables, cereals, bread and pasta, 20% protein (lean meats, poultry, fish, nuts and beans) and 30% total fat (no more than 10% saturated fat). This has been depicted by the diagram below: Taken from w ww. tmbc. gov. uk Failure to eat a good balanced diet could result in a number of health problems stemming from malnutrition.Malnutrition is the word used to describe either overnutrition (eating too much of a certain nutrient) or undernutrition (a lack of a specific nutrient or nutrients in general). Type 2 diabetes is a classic example of overnutrition. It results from eating a diet consisting of too much sugar and fat. Consequently, the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin for the cells to absorb glucose from the blood or the body becomes resistant to the insulin that is produced. Typical symptoms include thirst, tiredness and excessive urination. To try to avoid the onset of diabetes, a diet consisting of low-fat alternatives, fibre, starchy foods, fruit and vegetables should be eaten.Complications of diabetes could occur if the person smokes or has high blood pressure so smoking should be stopped and blood pressure checked regularly. One specific nutrient deficiency is anaemi a and is caused by lack of iron. Iron is necessary for the making of red blood cells and in the body’s use of oxygen. Anaemia is a deficiency of red blood cells, which can lead to a lack of oxygen-carrying ability, causing unusual tiredness and other symptoms. The deficiency occurs either through the reduced production or an increased loss of red blood cells. These cells are manufactured in the bone marrow and have a life expectancy of approximately four months. Iron deficiency results mostly from eating a poor diet.A lack of iron in the diet is common in vegetarians because the main general dietary source is red meat and babies can also suffer from lack of iron, especially if they’ve been born prematurely. A varied diet including red meat, liver, wholemeal bread, cereals, eggs and dried fruit will ensure that the required level of iron is consumed. Other conditions resulting from a poor diet include: Rickets – lack of vitamin D, calcium, or phosphate, which lea ds to softening and weakening of the bones Scurvy – characterized by general weakness, anaemia, gum disease (gingivitis), and skin haemorrhages resulting from a lack of ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in the diet Beriberi – vitamin deficiency disease in which the body does not have enough thiamine (vitamin B-1).Tooth decay – plaque on teeth caused by excess sugar in diet Night blindness – lack of vitamin A, can lead to complete blindness if not treated Marasmus – inadequate intake of protein and calories usually affecting young children in developing countries Kwashiorkor – malnutrition caused by inadequate protein intake usually encountered in developing countries Pellagra – a disease that occurs when a person does not get enough niacin (one of the B complex vitamins) or tryptophan (an amino acid) in their diet. Foods for diabetics should be: Low in fat Low in salt Low in sugar High in starchy carbohydrates High in vegetables High in fruit Use this food pyramid to make healthy choices – essential for diabetes sufferers [pic] (Taken from http://www. fda. gov/diabetes/food. html#3) Two day diet plan for two service users with specific dietary needs (P4, M3, D2) The following two-day diet plans have been created for a person suffering with type 2 diabetes and one suffering from anaemia. Both of these conditions have been previously described in P3 and M2. Day one for a diabetic Breakfast: 1 slice wholemeal toast with low-fat spread and scrambled egg.Cup of preferred beverage (no sugar added – use alternative sweetener) Mid-morning: banana, fruit juice Lunch: tuna salad sandwich, muesli and yoghurt Mid-afternoon: grapes/other fruit Dinner: Chicken breast (grilled), mixed rice, peas and sweetcorn Supper: cheese and crackers Day two for a diabetic Breakfast: cereal with semi-skimmed milk. Cup of preferred beverage Mid-morning: slice of wholemeal toast with tomato . Lunch: jacket potato with beans and side sal ad Mid-afternoon: fruit salad Dinner: grilled tuna steak, broccoli, cauliflower, new potatoes Supper: carrot and celery sticks with low fat dip Nb: low-fat, low-sugar varieties of food should be used. Sugar alternatives should be used where possible.Food should be grilled or baked rather than fried (if frying is necessary use olive, sunflower or rapeseed oil). Flavouring should be in the form of herbs or spices rather than salt to avoid high blood pressure. Fizzy or sugar-laden drinks should be replaced by water, low-sugar and caffeine-free varieties. Day one for an anaemic Breakfast: raisin bran cereal with semi-skimmed milk Mid-morning: handful of sunflower seeds Lunch: wholewheat pitta bread with turkey, salad and new potatoes with skins Mid-afternoon: muffin with low-fat spread Dinner: liver and onions, mashed potatoes, peas Supper: watermelon Day two for an anaemic Breakfast: oatmeal with semi-skimmed milkMid-morning: apricots Lunch: tinned sardines on wholewheat toast Mid-morn ing: packet of twiglets Dinner: beef, potatoes, green beans, broccoli, carrots Supper: cup of oxo with 2 cream crackers As explained previously, once diagnosed with some form of medical condition it is important to change the diet by introducing foodstuffs relative to the condition. In the case of a diabetic, at least five portions of a variety of fruit and vegetables should be eaten per day and the bulk of most meals should be starch-based foods such as cereals, wholegrain, bread, potatoes, rice and pasta. Fatty meats, cheeses, full-cream milk, fried food and butter should be avoided.Low-fat alternatives and foods including mono or poly-unsaturated fats are advised as are 2 – 3 portions of fish per week including oily such as mackerel, herrings, kippers, salmon and fresh tuna. Any frying should be done in oils such as sunflower, rapeseed or olive. The diet should also be low in salt as excessive salt can cause high blood pressure which could contribute to developing complica tions such as heart disease, stroke and eye problems. Alcohol should be drunk in moderation as a little can help protect from heart disease but excessive amounts can be very harmful. The meals chosen for the anaemic are rich in iron but are still varied enough to include other nutrients necessary for good health.It is suggested that an average man needs to digest 10 – 18 mg of dietary iron each day and a woman should digest 18mg or more. If diet alone cannot meet this requirement, additional supplements should be considered. A good tip is to eat more foods containing vitamin C as this enhances the absorption of iron into the body (particularly good for vegetarians). The two-day meal plan meets the needs of both the diabetic and the anaemic by including the foods rich in the lacking nutrients. They are hopefully varied enough but simple enough to keep the individuals interested in sticking to a new way of eating therefore allowing them to manage their condition properly. (P5, M4) Safe practices in preparing, cooking and serving foodThe microbes on our food that can cause food poisoning are usually controlled by heating (cooking) and/or chilling (refrigerating) our food, but given the chance they can easily spread around the kitchen – via our hands, chopping boards, cloths, knives and other utensils. If they are allowed to cross-contaminate other foods – especially cooked and ready-to-eat foods – they can make us ill. Good kitchen hygiene and good personal hygiene are important to help control the spread of harmful germs. There are three main safety practices involved in the handling of food; hygiene, temperature and pest control. These are described in more detail below: Hygiene control Food must be kept safe by: Protecting food from contamination by harmful bacteria ? Preventing bacteria from multiplying to dangerous levels ? Destroying harmful bacteria in or on food by thorough cooking ? Disposing of harmful food safely There are b asic rules outlining food hygiene which are: ? Continually washing hands prior to touching food, after using the toilet, after touching animals and raw food ? Cover any cuts, spots or sores with a waterproof adhesive dressing ? Don’t smoke around the preparation of food ? Don’t allow animals into the area of food preparation ? Cover food to protect it from flies and other insects ? Wrap all food waste and dispose of it in a covered waste bin ?Clean up as you go. Wash surfaces with hot water and detergent ? Wipe spills up immediately with kitchen tissue and place in a covered bin ? Serve food as soon as its prepared ? Never allow raw food to come in contact with cooked food ? Wear clean clothing and be clean yourself ? Don’t cough or sneeze over food Temperature control The cooking and storage of food must be temperature controlled. The Food Safety (Temperature Control) Regulations 1995 sets out the safe temperatures for the storage, heating and chilling of food. A guide is shown below: MethodTemperature Freezer -180C to 220C Refrigerator Legal requirement 80C; good practice 5 – 60CHot holding foodHot food must be maintained at 630C Reheating manufacturedTemperature of reheated food must reach a Food that has been cookedminimum of 820C Once during manufacture Pest Control Control of pests and use of pesticides are particularly critical in places where food is prepared, served or packaged. Pests that live on or in food include insects (flies, cockroaches and weevils), birds and rodents (rats and mice). Flies can carry up to 6 million bacteria on their bodies and in addition to that, they defecate and regurgitate half-digested food from a previous meal onto food as well as lay eggs in it. Cockroaches can also spread bacteria and leave faeces in food.There are many variants of weevils but the one mainly found in a domestic setting is the grain weevil which lives in stored foods such as flour and grains. If ingested, they can cause E-col i infection or other disease depending on their diet. Rodents contaminate food by either walking on or walking on the work surface. Mice are known to urinate on food. Birds can also carry bacteria and food can be contaminated by bird droppings, feathers or insects that they carry on their bodies. Birds pecking through foil milk bottle tops can also cause contamination. Any premises that stores or manufactures food should be protected in order to prevent possible infection of or damage to it.Food pests tend to like warm, dark, damp undisturbed places so it’s important for food storage and preparation places to be cool, clean and dry. The building should be of general good repair and a cleaning, sanitising and pest control policy should be in force. Cleaning involves the removal of any debris or dirt from any work surface and/or piece of equipment. Sanitising involves the use of heat and/or chemicals that will remove any microbes present. Pest control is the eradication of any type of pest that may have a change to infect the food. This cannot be effectively accomplished if proper cleaning and sanitising has not been carried out first.Effects of unsafe practices It's estimated there are more than 9 million cases of gastro-enteritis each year in England. For an increasing number of people, it's due to food poisoning, something that's preventable. Gastro-enteritis describes symptoms affecting the bowel, such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhoea and stomach pain. Food poisoning is the type of gastro-enteritis caused by eating or drinking something contaminated with micro-organisms or germs, or by toxic substances produced by these germs. These illnesses are often accompanied by fever, muscle aches, shivering and feeling exhausted. These micro-organisms enter the body in one of two ways: 1. In the food.The food isn't cooked thoroughly, so the micro-organisms aren't killed off. This is often the case with barbecued food, for example. 2. On the food. For example, the person preparing the food doesn't wash their hands before handling the food. Taken from http://www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/foodpoisoning1. shtml There are different ways for contamination of food to take place, physically and chemically. Physical contaminants include pips, stalks, bones and shells from food, nuts and bolts from equipment, hair, fingernails, jewellery and plasters from the person involved in its preparation or insects and their droppings and eggs. Dust and dirt are also physical contaminants.Chemical contaminants include cleaning agents if they are not kept separate from the food and its preparation area and agricultural chemicals such as pesticides being sprayed on fruit and vegetables. Food in this case needs cleaning thoroughly before eating. Food that has been left over from metal containers should be transferred to a non-metal container and stored in the fridge with a cover on. Acidic and salty food can attack the metal once a can has been opened which, in turn, affects the food. Contamination by bacteria or viruses is known as biological contamination. Toxins are caused by mould, which indicates a dangerous level of bacteria, and causes illness (food poisoning). Examples of this are given overleaf: Microorganism |Source |Symptoms |Incubation period | |Staphylococcus aureus |Unpasteurised milk, people |Abdominat pain or cramp, |1 – 6 hrs | | | |vominting, low temperature | | |Bacillus cereus |Cereals, soil and dust |Abdominal pain, diarrhoea and |1 – 5 hrs or 8 – 16 | | | |vomiting |depending of the form of| | | | |the food poisoning | |Salmonella |Raw poultry, eggs, raw meat, milk, animals, |Abdominal pain, vomiting, |12 – 36 hrs | | |insects and sewage |diarrhoea, fever | | |Listeria |Soil, vegetation, untreated milk, meat, |Range from mild flu-like illness |3 – 70 days (median | | |poultry, cheeses (especially soft mould-ripened|to meningitis and septacemia. |being 3 weeks) | | |varieties), sal ad vegetables |Pregnant women are particularly | | | |susceptible | | |E coli |Raw or undercooked meats, untreated water, |Diarrhoea, vomiting, loss of |24 – 78 hrs | | |unpasteurised milk and dairy products |appetite, abdominal pain, stomach | | | | |cramps | | |Campylobacter |Raw poultry and meat, unpasteurised milk, |Fever, headache, abdominal pain, |48 – 120 hrs | | |untreated water, pets with diarrhoea, birds |diarrhoea | | | |pecking at milk bottle tops | | | There is legislation requiring safe practices while preparing and serving food to ensure that it’s safe to eat. The three main laws are:The Food Safety Act 1990 – this aims to protect consumers by preventing illness from the consumption of food and also by preventing them from being misled as to the nature of the food they are purchasing The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995 – cover basic hygiene principles that businesses must follow and relate to staff, premises and f ood handling. They affect anyone who owns, manages or works in a food business regardless of size or importance The Food Safety (Temperature Control) Regulations 1995 – these cover the safe temperatures that certain foods must be kept. Another food safety system is the Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point (HACCP), which aims to protect food from contamination by risk assessment, i. e. t ensures that all potential hazards are identified from the delivery of raw products to the serving of fully prepared food. The process is designed to highlight any problems and deal with them before any problems will arise. Businesses not following the laws covering food safety are liable for prosecution so although it may cost money in the short term by having to buy specialist equipment, staff training and various cleaning agents, etc, it could save them losing their business in the long term if these practices were not put in place. Bibliography and References Handout on the Impact of Die t on Health http://pubs. caes. uga. edu/caespubs/pubcd/b927-w. tml accessed 14/04/07 @19:20 hrs http://www. bbc. co. uk/health/conditions/foodpoisoning1. shtml accessed 15/04/07 @ 09:30 hrs http://news. bbc. co. uk accessed 10/04/07 @ 17:20 hrs http://www. diagnose-me. com accessed 08/04/07 @ 20:00 hrs http:// www. drpbody. com accessed 08/05/07 @ 23:30hrs http://www. fda. gov/diabetes/food. html#3 accessed 08/05/07 @ 23:450hrs http://www. food. gov. uk accessed 14/04/07 @18:30 hrs http://www. nlm. nih. gov/medlineplus/ency/encyclopedia_C-Cg. htm accessed 14/04/07 @19:00 hrs http://www. tmbc. gov. uk accessed 10/04/07 @ 17:40 hrs http:// www. uk-legislation. hmso. gov. uk/ accessed 14/04/07 @19:30 hrs http://www. uga. du/nchfp/how/general/images/img_1-7. jpg accessed 08/05/07 @ 23:55hrs Moonie, Neil. , 2003, second edition, BTEC FIRST Caring, Heinemann Education Publishers, Oxford ———————– Micronutrients (needed in small quanti ties) } Macronutrients (needed in large quantities) } (Taken from http://www. uga. edu/nchfp/how/general/images/img_1-7. jpg) The Food Safety (Temperature Control) Regulations 1995 (Taken from www. drpbody. com) The Food Safety (General Food Hygiene) Regulations 1995 Tiredness, shortness of breath, dizziness and palpitations are all symptoms of iron-deficient anaemia. Make sure you eat iron-rich foods and keep your blood healthy! The Food Safety Act 1990